1
Q
“Evaluating the Role of Inorganic Elements of Camelus Dromedarius Saliva in Protecting Enamel Against Tooth Surface Loss”. Khalid Al Razaiki et al. JVD 2024:41(4).
what salivary ions differed significantly between camels with high-grade tooth erosion and low-grade tooth erosion?
A
salivary calcium and phosphate concentrations were significantly lower in the “high-grade” erosion group in comparison with the “low-grade” erosion group
2
Q
“Evaluating the Role of Inorganic Elements of Camelus Dromedarius Saliva in Protecting Enamel Against Tooth Surface Loss”. Khalid Al Razaiki et al. JVD 2024:41(4).
what other pathology was associated with high-grade tooth erosion?
A
The more extensive the tooth surface loss, the more carious lesions the subject had
3
Q
“Evaluating the Role of Inorganic Elements of Camelus Dromedarius Saliva in Protecting Enamel Against Tooth Surface Loss”. Khalid Al Razaiki et al. JVD 2024:41(4).
what teeth were commonly affected by caries?
A
caries were more common in the anterior teeth, particularly the incisors
4
Q
JVD 2021. Seewald et al. Endodontic treatment of a traumatic tusk fracture with exposed pulp in an asian elephant (elephas maximus).
How does ivory differ from human dentin?
A
Due to its microstructure, ivory is (at least in the naturally occurring directions of load) harder than human dentin.
A microlaminar “plywood” structure of mineralized collagen fibres crossing each other and the wavy course of the dentinal tubules, result in the typical Schreger pattern, and contribute to the toughness of the ivory, as well as other factors such as hydration of the tooth.
Due to these mechanical properties of ivory, debridement of the pulp chamber dentin in preparation for filling and sealing the pulp cavity can be demanding.
5
Q
JVD 2022. Samuel et al. Occurence and Progression of Dental Abnormalities in the Black Fronted Duiker (Cephalophus niger) Due to Deficient Diet and Extreme Weather Phenomena.
What were the most commonly observed dental abnormalities in the study? How did mandibular and maxillary dentition compare in terms of pathology?
A
- Apical dental aberration (93%)
- tooth staining (40% females, 8% males)
- bone resorption (30% in females, 6 % in males)
- missing teeth (28% females, 3% males)
- attrition (15% in both sexes)
Morphologic disruptions occured more frequently in the mandible than in the maxilla.
6
Q
JVD 2022. Samuel et al. Occurence and Progression of Dental Abnormalities in the Black Fronted Duiker (Cephalophus niger) Due to Deficient Diet and Extreme Weather Phenomena.
What was the most affected quadrant for attrition and bone resorption?
A
The lower right quadrant, especially between M2 and M3 in females
7
Q
JVD 2022. Samuel et al. “Occurence and Progression of Dental Abnormalities in the Black Fronted Duiker (Cephalophus niger) Due to Deficient Diet and Extreme Weather Phenomena”.
- What factors may explain the higher prevalence of dental pathology in females?
- Why were no dental abnormalities observed in duiker kids (0-10 months)?
A
- Increased mineral demands during lactation and less range expansion during dry periods
- Likely due to maternal mineral supplementation through suckling and limited exposure to harsh diets
8
Q
JVD 2022. Samuel et al. “Occurence and Progression of Dental Abnormalities in the Black Fronted Duiker (Cephalophus niger) Due to Deficient Diet and Extreme Weather Phenomena”.
What role does tooth hardness play in wear prediction according to the study?
A
Tooth hardness was found to have negligible predictive value for wear, aligning with studies on Scottish red deer.
9
Q
A rabbit is presented with a large swelling on the side of the nose what is your differentials?
A
- Nasolacrimal duct abscess
- Tooth abscess
Surgical Treatment of Facial Abscesses and Facial Surgery in Pet Rabbits. Vittorio Capello. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2016.
10
Q
“Rostral mandibular fx repair in pet bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps)” by Nau, Eshar.
what was the outcome of this case report?
A
A 2y bearded dragon w R rostral open comminuted mandibular fx and dorsal displacement, stabilized w 2 inter fragmentary 36g wire loops and external fixator w 4 25ga needles covered w IV line tubing and filled w acrylic for external fixator.
3mo later ex fix removed due to bony callous healing.
5.5mo complete fx resolution and inter fragmentary wires removed.
Combination of internal and external fixation.
11
Q
JVD 2017. Adriana Regalado, Loic Legendre. “Full mouth intraoral Radiographic Survey in Rabbits”.
How many views does it take to acquire a full mouth series?
A
10
12
Q
JVD 2017. Adriana Regalado, Loic Legendre. “Full mouth intraoral Radiographic Survey in Rabbits”.
What are the main diseases or rabbit pathology?
A
- acquired malocclusion
- periodontal disease
- facial abscesses
13
Q
JVD 2017. Adriana Regalado, Loic Legendre. “Full mouth intraoral Radiographic Survey in Rabbits”.
The authors recommend a particular patient position for rads of the mandible. what is it and why?
A
Dorsal recumbency with head perpendicular to the table.
Reduces risk of dyspnea or apnea encountered when neck is extended and head perpendicular to the head and body.
14
Q
JVD 2017. Adriana Regalado, Loic Legendre. “Full mouth intraoral Radiographic Survey in Rabbits”.
What size plates should be used for rabbit cheek teeth?
A
3 or 3 slim depending on size of rabbit
* length helps get to the back of the oral cavity
* the slim will help avoid iatrogenic trauma to lips and vestibule
15
Q
JVD 2017. Adriana Regalado, Loic Legendre. Full mouth intraoral Radiographic Survey in Rabbits.
What are the triadan numbers for the peg teeth?
A
maxillary second incisors: 102, 202
16
Q
JVD 2017. Juan Alberto Corbera, Immaculada Morales, Sergio Martin, Alberto Arencibia, Carlos Gutierrez. “A Case of Congenital Supernumerary Teeth in an Ovine Dental Pad”.
What are normotropic and heterotropic teeth?
A
- Normotropic teeth develop within the alveolar region
- Heterotropic teeth develop outside the alveolar region
17
Q
According to JVD 2017. A Case of Congenital Supernumerary Teeth in an Ovine Dental Pad.
What did the authors find?
A
It’s in the title… but two incisors in the maxillary dental pad.
18
Q
According to “Measuring Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) tooth growth and eruption by fluorescence markers and bur marks” by Wyss et al. JVD 2016.
What is meant by the term hystricomorph rodents? what type of teeth do these rodents and lagomorphs have?
A
“hystricomorph rodents” are rodents with zygomassenteric specialization.
* examples are porcupine, chinchillas, GPs, capybaras
* hyposodont elodont aradicular teeth (all teeth unlike other rodents with closed premolars/molars)
<br></br>lagamorphs are hypsodont elodont aradicular.
19
Q
According to “Measuring Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) tooth growth and eruption by fluorescence markers and bur marks” by Wyss et al. JVD 2016.
what 3 types of diagnostics were performed to measure tooth growth?
A
- Manual bur marks on teeth
- CT for apical to coronal measurement
- fluorescence microscopic images of teeth
20
Q
According to “Measuring Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) tooth growth and eruption by fluorescence markers and bur marks” by Wyss et al. JVD 2016.
what were the 2 groups of rabbits?
what were the 2 fluorescence markers used?
A
6 rabbits
* 3 on a diet of grass hay (H)
* 3 on a diet of grass and rice hull pellets with an addition of sand (GRS)
2-5d post diet change SQ injection of calcein green.
10d later SQ injection xylenol orange.
euthanized 11 days later for final analyses (21d after injection of calcein green)
21
Q
“Measuring Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) tooth growth and eruption by fluorescence markers and bur marks”. Wyss et al. JVD 2016.
was there correlation between the different modalities?
A
Significant correlation between manual and CT measurements.
22
Q
“Measuring Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) tooth growth and eruption by fluorescence markers and bur marks”. Wyss et al. JVD 2016.
Were the authors able to draw any conclusions regarding overall growth/eruption and diet?
A
No, due to small sample size.
Anecdotally rabbits in hay groups had a slower more normal growth rate.
23
Q
“Elodontoma in 2 guinea pigs”. Vittorio Capello, Angela Lennox, Gabriele Ghisleni. JVD 2015.
describe guinea pig teeth
A
- simplicendata: only one pair of maxillary incisor teeth
- all rodent species lack canine teeth and have large diastema between incisor and premolars
- premolars/molars are anatomically the same and are called “cheek teeth”= 1 PM 3M (total of 16)
- hypsodont (long crown)
- elodont (continuously growing and erupting)
- aradicular (no true anatomic roots)
- lateral convexity of mandibular cheek teeth and medial convexity of maxillary cheek teeth leads to 30 deg oblique occlusal plane sloping from dorsal to ventral, lateral to medial
24
Q
“Elodontoma in two guinea pigs”. Vittorio Capello, Angela Lennox, Gabriele Ghisleni. JVD 2015.
what is the most common cause of abnormalities of incisor teeth with the exception of trauma?
A
coronal elongation resulting in malocclusion of cheek teeth
25
“Elodontoma in two guinea pigs”. Capello, Lennox, Ghisleni.
what is a sequelae of cheek tooth malocclusion that occurred in case #2?
tongue entrapment
26
“Elodontoma in two guinea pigs”. Capello, Lennox, Ghisleni.
what is an odontoma?
a benign tumor of odontogenic origin or non-neoplastic malformation (hamartoma) of a mixture of dental tissues
* compound (pound of denticles)
* complex (no true formation of tooth like structures)
histologically contain dentin, enamel matrix, odontogenic epithelium resembling enamel organ, and cementum.
Locally expansile.
27
“Elodontoma in 2 guinea pigs”. Capello, Lennox, Ghisleni.
what is odontogenic dysplasia vs elodontoma?
odontogenic dysplasia
* Non-neoplastic dysplastic malformation occurring when normal tooth eruption is impaired or arrested
* etiology: repeated trauma, fractures, and subsequent acquired dental disease
* common in prairie dogs/squirrels and seen in rabbits and rodents.
* aka pseudo-odontoma
* Treatment: the apical mass is removed entirely or simply debulked
elodontoma
* describes odontomas in squirrels, rodents, and animals with elodont teeth
* a benign tumor of odontogenic origin, or a non-neoplastic malformation (hamartoma) consisting of a mixture of dental tissues.
* etiology is uncertain, may include genetic factors, infection, or trauma
* Successful treatment of elodontoma has not been reported in rodents
elodontoma differentiated from odontogenic dysplasia via rads, CT, and histopath.
28
"Elodontoma in 2 guinea pigs”. Capello, Lennox, Ghisleni.
what are some possible causes of odontogenic dysplasia in prairie dogs and squirrels?
* repeated trauma
* fx
* acquired dental disease
29
“Elodontoma in 2 guinea pigs”. Capello, Lennox, Ghisleni.
in the first case it was maxillary with a history of clinical crown amputation prior to referral, no obvious signs of infection with proliferative bony region. what did the histopathology reveal?
* neoplastic conglomerates of haphazardly arranged odontogenic hard and soft tissues.
* Mass made up of odontogenic epithelium closely associated with dentin and cementum-like mineralized tissue.
Histo dx: elodontoma
30
“Elodontoma in 2 guinea pigs”. Capello, Lennox, Ghisleni.
why was the term elodontoma appropriate for both cases?
lesions were continuous with apices of elodont (open rooted continuously growing) incisor and cheek teeth.
31
“Maxillary calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor in a Siberian Tiger (Panthera tigris altaica)". JVD 2015.
what is another proposed name for calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumors (CEOT) in animals? why is this different from humans?
APOT (amyloid producing odontogenic tumor)
* in animals palisades of basal cells and stellate reticulum
* in humans CEOT is dominated by sheets of eosinophilic epithelial cells that exhibit nuclear pleomorphism
32
“Maxillary calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor in a Siberian Tiger (Panthera tigris altaica)". JVD 2015.
what was the outcome of this case?
Biopsy revealed CEOT (or APOT)
tiger died 3 months later from advanced renal disease. Probably primary cause of his decreased appetite.
33
“Maxillary calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor in a Siberian Tiger (Panthera tigris altaica)".
what are some theories for increased neoplasia in zoo felids?
* living longer lives in captivity due to better care
* environment including increased carcinogens
34
“Measuring Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) tooth growth and eruption by fluorescence markers and bur marks”. Wyss Hatt et al.
what is meant by the term hystricomorph rodents? what type of teeth do these rodents and lagomorphs have?
rodents with zygomassenteric specialization.
hyposodont
elodont
aradicular teeth (all teeth unlike other rodents with closed premolars/molars)
ex are porcupine, chinchillas, GPs, capybaras.
lagamorphs are hypsodont, elodont, aradicular.
35
“Measuring Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) tooth growth and eruption by fluorescence markers and bur marks”. Wyss Hatt et al.
what 3 types of diagnostics were performed to measure tooth growth?
* Manual bur marks on teeth
* CT for apical to coronal measurement
* fluorescence microscopic images of teeth
36
“Measuring Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) tooth growth and eruption by fluorescence markers and bur marks”. Wyss Hatt et al.
what were the 2 fluorescence markers used? what were the 2 groups of rabbits and on what days were the analyses performed?
6 rabbits
* 3 grass hay
* 3 grass rice hull pellets and sand
2-5d post diet change SQ injection of calcein green.
10d later SQ injection xylenol orange.
euthnaized 11 days later.
37
“Measuring Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) tooth growth and eruption by fluorescence markers and bur marks”. Wyss Hatt et al.
was there correlation btwn the different modalities?
Significant correlation between manual (bur marks) and CT measurements
38
“Measuring Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) tooth growth and eruption by fluorescence markers and bur marks”. Wyss Hatt et al.
were the authors able to draw any conclusions regarding overall growth/eruption and diet?
No due to small sample size.
Anecdotally rabbits in hay groups had a slower more normal growth rate.
39
“Diagnoses and Treatment of dental disorders in research colony of Macaca fascicularis: a Case series” Roux Bergadano et al.
what were the four most commonly diagnosed dental diseases in the macaques?
* PD (100%)
* Caries (38%)
* tooth fracture (64%)
* tooth attrition/abrasion (26%)
40
“Diagnoses and Treatment of dental disorders in research colony of Macaca fascicularis: a Case series”. Roux Bergadano et al.
what were some other less common dental abnormalities in the study population?
dental abscess
EH
GH
hypercementosis
cyst
tooth luxation
tooth dysplasia
root resorption
abrasion
41
“Diagnoses and Treatment of dental disorders in research colony of Macaca fascicularis: a Case series”. Roux Bergadano et al.
what percent of this population had at least 1 moderate to severe dental lesion that required tx?
87% (27/31)
42
“Diagnoses and Treatment of dental disorders in research colony of Macaca fascicularis: a Case series”. Roux Bergadano et al.
how was the study population grouped?
All males or MC
3 groups by DOB (1 was oldest, 3 was youngest)
43
“Diagnoses and Treatment of dental disorders in research colony of Macaca fascicularis: a Case series”. Roux Bergadano et al.
how many had stage 1 PD dz? stage 2 or higher? what teeth were more severely affected?
* 21/31 (68%) PD1; all had plaque and calculus
* 10/31 (32%) stage 2 or higher PD
* most commonly affected molars and premolars
44
“Diagnoses and Treatment of dental disorders in research colony of Macaca fascicularis: a Case series”. Roux Bergadano et al.
how common were caries? on what teeth/surface?
12/31 (38%) animals
occlusal surface of molars
45
“Diagnoses and Treatment of dental disorders in research colony of Macaca fascicularis: a Case series”. Roux Bergadano et al.
how common were tooth fractures? what types? what teeth were most commonly affected?
30 fractured teeth in 20/31 (64%) animals
* CCF or CCRF
* incisors followed by canines
46
“Diagnoses and Treatment of dental disorders in research colony of Macaca fascicularis: a Case series” Roux Bergadano et al.
In this case series, 27/31 (87%) NHPs suffered at least 1 moderate to severe dental lesion that needed a treatment more involved than tooth cleaning and polishing. In a previous study on Macaca mulatta the percentage of animals with dental lesion was only 7.4% overall.
what do the authors attribute the difference in incidence of dental lesions to?
* environment
* diagnostic mean (dentists doing oral exams and taking radiographs more sensitive)
The high prevalence of dental lesions was likely affected by the fact that these 31 NHPs were preselected after the first visual examination for dental signs of lesion. The real incidence of dental disease in this research colony will be available when all animals have been screened.
The Macaca mulatta was a free-ranging population partially fed with commercial food.
47
“Dental Pathology of the Iberian Lynx (Lynx pardinus), Part I: Congenital, Developmental, and Traumatic Abnormalities". Collados et al. JVD 2018.
88 post mortem skulls were evaluated grossly and with dental rads. What is the dental formula of the Iberian lynx? Is this similar to other wild cats? What is the deciduous formula?
28 permanent teeth = I3/3 C1/1 P2/2 M1/1
* no second premolar as in domestic cats
* shift towards reduced dentition similar to caracal leopard and Canadian lynx
24 deciduous teeth = I3/3 C1/1 P2/2
48
“Dental Pathology of the Iberian Lynx (Lynx pardinus), Part I: Congenital, Developmental, and Traumatic Abnormalities". Collados et al. JVD 2018.
what are some noteable changes to the mandibular first molar present in 83% of cases? How was age estimated?
poorly developed cingulum and no metaconid (more distal of the lingual cusps of mammalian molar tooth).
age estimation:
* gross examination of teeth
* radiographs
* cementum annuli analysis: the first complete cementum annuli around 18mo of age
49
“Dental Pathology of the Iberian Lynx (Lynx pardinus), Part I: Congenital, Developmental, and Traumatic Abnormalities". Collados et al. JVD 2018.
what was the most common dental pathology noted? what was the second most common dental lesion?
* attrition/abrasion in 90.9% of specimens (43.7% of teeth), split into 3 types based on severity
* tooth fractures in 68% of specimens (11.3% of teeth), affecting primarily canines and most often CCF or CCRF
50
“Dental Pathology of the Iberian Lynx (Lynx pardinus), Part I: Congenital, Developmental, and Traumatic Abnormalities". Collados et al. JVD 2018.
what was endodontic disease typically caused by? How frequent was intrinsic staining of teeth?
* causes of endodontic disease: CCF/CCRF or attrition/abrasion type 3 (pulp exposure) mostly affecting canines
* intrinsic staining: 8.5% of teeth, primarily in canines
51
“Dental Pathology of the Iberian Lynx (Lynx pardinus), Part I: Congenital, Developmental, and Traumatic Abnormalities". Collados et al. JVD 2018.
what percent of teeth were suspected to have artifactual defects?
2.3%
most missing teeth were lost through artifact (81%) with only 0.4% congenitally absent
52
“Dental Pathology of the Iberian Lynx (Lynx pardinus), Part II: Periodontal Disease, Tooth Resorption, and Oral Neoplasia". Collados et al. JVD 2018.
what was the limiting factor to staging periodontal disease? How common was perio in this study population? IN domestic cats?
post mortem bony examination
* only with rads
* no gingivitis or periodontal pocket probing for attachment loss
PD prevalence
* 81.3% of teeth
* 64.8% specimens had at least 1 tooth affected by stage 3/4 PD, most commonly in maxillary and mandibular incisors (59.4%)
* 63.1% affected by stage 2
in domestic cats >80% over age of 2y
53
“Dental Pathology of the Iberian Lynx (Lynx pardinus), Part II: Periodontal Disease, Tooth Resorption, and Oral Neoplasia". Collados et al. JVD 2018.
how prevalent was TR? was this finding consistent w domestic cats?
how many cats had neoplasia?
TR was uncommon
* affecting 0.63% of teeth in 6.8% of skulls
* lower than that of domestic cats (by far) and that of other wild felids
only 1 case of suspect neoplasia (no biopsy obtained)
54
“Interrelationships Between Morphometric, Densitometric, and Mechanical Properties of Teeth in 5-Month-Old Polish Merino Sheep". Tatara et al. JVD 2018.
extracted deciduous teeth (3 incisors, canine, P2) post mortem were quantitative CT and micro CT’d to determine overall tooth density and enamel dentin density specifically. Which tooth had positive correlations and predictive value of tooth and masticatory organ quality in sheep?
Deciduous mandibular I1
55
Chinchillas are anisognathic with which jaw wider?
Mandible
2 x I1/1 C0/0 P1/1 M3/3
56
"Age and Diet-Related Associations With Acquired Dental Disease in Pet Rabbits". Ana Pešić , Branislav Vejnović , Marko Jumake Mitrović, MilošVuč ićevic. JVD 2026.
what are the causes of acquired dental disease (ADD) in rabbits?
the main factors in the development of ADD:
* trauma of both incisor and cheek teeth and CDD of the incisors (increases occlusal pressure)
* metabolic bone disease (selective feeding theory)
* lack of tooth wear
57
"Intraoral Treatment of Dental Disease in Pet Rabbits". Vittorio Capello. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2016.
acquired dental disease (ADD) stages in rabbits
The earliest stage is elongation of clinical crowns. The elongated apex impinges on its sensory nerve supply.
* clinical signs usually not present at this stage
* reluctance to eat hay or other hard food
At a further stage, elongation of the clinical crowns and the abnormal occlusal plane appear as so-called step mouth.
In advanced stages
* excessive curvature of clinical crowns of mandibular cheek teeth typically occurs, not limited to the lingual direction.
* the maxillary cheek teeth usually curve in the buccal direction
* spur formation and lesions of the lingual or the buccal mucosa.
* A common complication of coronal elongation of cheek teeth is fracture, especially longitudinal fracture of mandibular premolars.
End-stage dental disease of the cheek teeth is frequently associated with resorption of dental tissue and severe changes of cheek teeth arcades.
58
"Anatomy and Disorders of the Oral Cavity of Rat-like and Squirrel-like Rodents". Elisabetta Mancinelli, Vittorio Capello. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2016.
Captive prairie dogs often are seen to fracture what teeth?
incisors
59
“Tooth resorption in an Australian sea lion”.
what clinical signs did the 24y F sea lion present with?
* chewing fish as opposed to normal habit of swallowing fish whole
* reluctant to take smaller fish.
Her history of TR abscess led them to think this was the cause.
60
“Tooth resorption in an Australian sea lion”.
what did the oral and radiographic exam reveal?
* oral exam: chronic perio
* rads: subgingival TR of premolars (2, only 1 extracted)
61
“Tooth resorption in an Australian sea lion”.
in what species has TR been documented?
* domestic cat
* dog
* horse
* man
* captive cougar
62
“Treatment and stabilization of beak symphyseal separation using inter fragmentary wiring and provisional bis-aryl composite”. Lothamer et al.
define rhamphotheca, rhinotheca, and gnathotheca.
* Rhamphotheca: the keratinized covering of the maxillary and mandibular bones
* rhinotheca: the maxillary keratinized covering
* gnathotheca: the mandibular keratinized covering
63
“Treatment and stabilization of beak symphyseal separation using inter fragmentary wiring and provisional bis-aryl composite”. Lothamer et al.
the alternative to inter fragmentary wiring and splinting would be allowing the beak to grow back on its own. Why is this less optimal considering the fixation often becomes loose or falls off secondary to beak growth?
* allows for stability and food prehension without hand feeding
* some grooming
* drinking
* normal behavior
64
“Treatment and stabilization of beak symphyseal separation using inter fragmentary wiring and provisional bis-aryl composite”. Lothamer et al.
what size wire and how many fixation points were placed?
22g wire (could have used smaller if needed) with 5-6 twists.
3 pairs of pilot hoes 3-4mm from fx line perpendicular to it.
65
“Treatment and stabilization of beak symphyseal separation using inter fragmentary wiring and provisional bis-aryl composite”. Lothamer et al.
what were post op instructions?
* crop gavage if necessary
* diet of dry and soaked pellets, dehulled nuts/seeds, fruits and veggies
* enclosure with no wire can for climbing/rubbing (smooth walls only)
66
“Treatment and stabilization of beak symphyseal separation using inter fragmentary wiring and provisional bis-aryl composite”. Lothamer et al.
what is a dentary? what are properties of the rhampotheca? what bones make up the maxillary beak?
dentary: the complete bony symphysis of both mandibular bodies
* true bony union unlike small animals
* often slower to heal than other bones
rhampotheca: the keratinized epidermis covering the thin vascular dermis that covers the bones
* constantly grows, migrates, undergoes desquamation
* rhinotheca: the keratinized covering of the maxillary beak
* gnathotheca: the keratinized covering of the mandibular beak
maxillary beak:
* premaxilla
* maxilla
* nasal bone
67
“Treatment and stabilization of beak symphyseal separation using inter fragmentary wiring and provisional bis-aryl composite”. Lothamer et al.
what is the greatest complication with beak repair? what is the best outcome associated with?
* non-union or malunion
* proper debridement and stabilization
68
“oral malignant melanoma in a ferret (Mustela putorius furo)”. d’Ovidio, Meomartino et al. JVD 2016.
the authors mention full staging. what part of TNM staging was not included?
aspirate LNs
69
“oral malignant melanoma in a ferret (Mustela putorius furo)”. d’Ovidio et al. JVD 2016.
histopath of the gingival mass revealed less than 5% of brown/black intracytoplasmic pigment. What was the next step for diagnosis?
Immunohistochemistry with S100 and vimentin
70
“oral malignant melanoma in a ferret (Mustela putorius furo)”. d’Ovidio et al. JVD 2016.
what was the recommended treatment for the ferret? What was the outcome?
Rostral maxillectomy + chemo+ radiation.
the owner declined any therapeutic options.
difficulty breathing 3.6 mo later, died within 24h. No necropsy
71
“Unusual Dental Morphology in a Chimpanzee: A Case Report Utilizing Cone-Beam Computed Tomography”. Al-Amery et al. JVD 2018.
what measurements were taken and with what modality? Were there interesting findings?
From regular chimp (non-bonobo) skull CBCT was used to determine tooth and crown height, root length, root canal length and width (posterior teeth), pulp cavity length (anterior teeth)
number of canals and foramina per root; mandibular central incisor longer than lateral incisor
mandibular anterior teeth presented w solitary flame shaped or conical calcified structure in pulp;
first maxillary premolar has 3 roots (all others 2 roots)
presence of bilateral radicular dens invaginatus in mandibular first premolars WITH conical stone mineralizations at pulp cavity.
and possibility of having 2 canals and 2 foramina in roots of posterior teeth.
72
“Unusual Dental Morphology in a Chimpanzee: A Case Report Utilizing Cone-Beam Computed Tomography”. Al-Amery et al. JVD 2018.
what are main differences between chimp and orangutan teeth?
lack enamel wrinkling; mostly bc less herbivorous than orangs
73
“Oral and Dental Examination Findings in a Family of Zoo Suricates (Suricata Suricatta)”. Kvapil et al.
what was looked at in this study? what was found to be the most common anomaly? what is the dental formula? What was the percentage of PD 1?
similar to mongoose
6 captive suricate had intraoral rads and charting; found most common PD and attrition/abrasion;
2 (I3/3 C1/1 P3/3 M2/2)
0.8370000000000001
74
Rat like rodents (mouse gerbil and hamster) due not have which group of teeth?
Premolars
dental formula: 2(I1/1 C0/0 P0/0 M3/3)
75
Pikas are which species?
Ochoton spp.
order: lagomorphs
76
Describe the Rabbits dentition
* Diphyodont (deciduous and permanent teeth).
* Heterodont (diff shapes)
* Aradicular hypsodont (continuously growing and erupting, with no formation of true roots)
* Duplicidentata Double row of MX I
77
Rabbits have a zygomatic process from the temporal bone T or F
True
78
Rodents have two different types of master muscles
Superficial and Deep master muscle.
they differ in closing actions and rostral caudal movements
79
Guinea pig is anisognathic with which jaw wider?
Mandible
80
guinea pig dental formula
2X (I1/1 C0/0 P1/1 M3/3) = 20
81
Guinea pig has a tongue that is divided into how many parts?
2 parts: cranial and caudal
* can move independently
* with a mucosal fold extending from the rostral portion to the mandible
82
Describe the guinea pigs teeth
Monophyodont
Heterodont
Elodont
Hypsodont
Simplicidentata
83
Describe the teeth of the chinchilla
Monophyodont
Heterodont
Elodont
Hypsodont
Simplicidentata
84
Hamsters teeth are described as?
Monophyodont
Heterodont
Elodont
Anelodont bracydont (molars)
Simplicidentata (single row of maxillary incisors)
Formula 2x(I1/1C0/0 P0/0 M3/3)=16
85
Hamsters are anisoganthic with which jaw wider
Mandible
86
Describe the rat dentition
Monophyodont
Heterodont
Elodont incisors
Anelodont bracydont molars
Simplicidentata
Formula 2x(I1/1 C0/0 P0/0 M3/3)=16
87
Describe the Praire dog dentition
Monophyodont
Heterodont
Elodont Incisors
Anelodont brachydont molars Simplicidentata
Formula 2x(I1/1 C0/0 P2/1 M3/3) =22
88
Lagomorphs have 4 jaw positions in chewing
Rest incisors in occlusions
Jaw Retraction
Jaw Protrusion
Lateral movements
89
Propalineal jaw movement
Rostral caudal and diagonal jaw movements
90
Mandibular incisors in the hamsters are typically ____ than the maxillary incisors
Longer
91
Describe the position of the mandibular incisor apex in rabbits, guinea pigs, chinchillas, prairie dogs, and rats.
* Rabbits at first cheek tooth
* G Pigs mid mandibular quadrant
* Chinchilla mid mandibular quad
* Prairie dog, rat, degu, hamster, chipmunk all behind the mandibular Cheek teeth
92
what are some of the features of metabolic bone disease in rabbits?
Outdoor rabbits have lower incidence of MBD.
MBD rabbits demonstrate demineralized skull bones.
Serum calcium levels are lower in rabbits with severe aqcuired dental disease (ADD).
Rabbits with ADD and MBD have higher PTH levels than normal.
Increasing levels of calcium with early MBD can reverse changes such as horizontal ridges of the incisors.
93
Pseudo-odontoma is seen most often in which teeth of which species?
Maxillary incisors of squirrel like rodents.
94
"Surgical management of maxillary and premaxillary osteomyelitis in a reticulated python (Python reticulatus)". La’Toya V. Latney et al. JAVMA 2016.
What procedures were performed?
initially debridement
followed several months later by a pre-maxillectomy
95
"Surgical management of maxillary and premaxillary osteomyelitis in a reticulated python (Python reticulatus)". La’Toya V. Latney et al. JAVMA 2016.
Based on cultures, which antimicrobial was chosen and worked in this snake?
Trimethoprim Sulfa
96
"Surgical management of maxillary and premaxillary osteomyelitis in a reticulated python (Python reticulatus)". La’Toya V. Latney et al. JAVMA 2016.
Wanna see something cool?
Yup
thats a snake CT post-premaxillectomy. Look at their funky backfacing teeth and naturally disarticulated mandibles!!!
97
"Clinical Application of Cone-Beam Computed Tomography of the Rabbit Head: Part 1 - Normal Dentition". Riggs GG, Arzi B, Cissell DD et al. FVETS 2016.
What was done in the study?
10 New Zealand white rabbit cadaver heads were scanned using CBCT and conventional CT.
The visibility of relevant dental and anatomic features (pulp cavity, germinal center, tooth outline, periodontal ligament) were scored and compared between conventional CT and CBCT.
98
"Clinical Application of Cone-Beam Computed Tomography of the Rabbit Head: Part 1 - Normal Dentition". Riggs GG, Arzi B, Cissell DD et al. FVETS 2016.
What were the conclusions of the study?
CBCT was superior to conventional CT when imaging the dentition.
Importantly, the PDL was significantly more visible on CBCT than on conventional CT.
Ability to see the PDL with such detail may allow earlier detection and treatment of periodontal disease in rabbits.
99
"Clinical Application of Cone-Beam Computed Tomography of the Rabbit Head: Part 1 - Normal Dentition". Riggs GG, Arzi B, Cissell DD et al. FVETS 2016.
For what structure was CBCT superior to conventional CT?
a. PDL
b. germinal center
c. pulp
d. unerupted teeth
correct answer: A
The most dramatic finding was that the PDL was significantly more visible on CBCT than on conventional CT, with median differences ranging 1-3.
Overall, the germinal center, pulp cavity, and PDL of the shorter and thinner teeth (right maxillary M3, right mandibular M3) were all significantly more visible on CBCT than conventional CT.
100
"Clinical Application of Cone-Beam Computed Tomography of the Rabbit Head: Part 1 - Normal Dentition". Riggs GG, Arzi B, Cissell DD et al. FVETS 2016.
which teeth were narrowest? widest?
narrowest (thinnest):
* maxillary I2 (1.29 ± 0.26 mm)
* maxillary M3 (1.04 ± 0.1 mm)
widest:
* mandibular P3 (3.22 ± 0.28 mm)
The other teeth were 2–3 mm wide.
101
"Clinical Application of Cone-Beam Computed Tomography of the Rabbit Head: Part 1 - Normal Dentition". Riggs GG, Arzi B, Cissell DD et al. FVETS 2016.
which teeth were shortest? longest?
longest teeth:
* maxillary incisors (24.88 ± 2.31 mm)
* mandibular incisors (23.24 ± 2.6 mm)
shortest teeth:
* maxillary M3 (7.31 ± 0.78 mm)
* mandibular M3 (7.45 ± 0.95 mm)
Within the mandible, tooth length decreases in a caudal direction (premolar teeth are longer than molar teeth).
102
"Clinical Application of Cone Beam Computed Tomography of the Rabbit Head: Part 2-Dental Disease". Riggs GG, Cissell DD, Arzi B et al. FVETS 2017.
What was done in the study?
15 client-owned rabbits underwent CBCT, oral examination, dental charting, and dental treatment performed under general anesthesia.
Images were evaluated using transverse and custom multiplanar (MPR), 3D, and panoramic reconstructed images.
CBCT findings were grouped into abnormalities that could be detected on conscious oral examination vs. abnormalities that could not be detected by conscious oral examination.
103
"Clinical Application of Cone-Beam Computed Tomography of the Rabbit Head: Part 1 - Normal Dentition". Riggs GG, Arzi B, Cissell DD et al. FVETS 2016.
What were the conclusions of the study?
CBCT was superior to conventional CT when imaging the dentition.
Importantly, the PDL was significantly more visible on CBCT than on conventional CT.
Ability to see the PDL with such detail may allow earlier detection and treatment of periodontal disease in rabbits.
104
"Clinical Application of Cone Beam Computed Tomography of the Rabbit Head: Part 2-Dental Disease". Riggs GG, Cissell DD, Arzi B et al. FVETS 2017.
What were the most common CBCT findings?
* PDL space widening (14/15)
* premolar and molar malocclusion (13/15)
* apical elongation (13/15)
* coronal elongation (12/15)
* inflammatory tooth resorption (12/15)
* periapical lucency (11/15)
* moth-eaten pattern of osteolysis of the alveolar bone (9/15)
* ventral mandibular border contour changes (9/15)
* missing teeth (8/15)
105
"linical Application of Cone Beam Computed Tomography of the Rabbit Head: Part 2-Dental Disease" Riggs GG, Cissell DD, Arzi B et al. FVETS 2017.
What oral examination abnormality was associated with a CBCT finding?
Coronal elongation on oral examination was significantly associated with apical elongation on CBCT
106
"Brain, Craniofacial, and Dental Lesions of a Free-ranging Gray Wolf (Canis lupus) Implicated in a Human Attack in Minnesota, USA". Marc Schwabenlander, Kevin Stepaniuk, Michelle Carstensen, Aníbal G. Armién. J Wildl Dis 2016.
A wolf implicated in a human attack had a messed up skull, dentition, and brain.
107
Rabbits, chinchilla, and guine pigs have what type of premolars and molars?
Aradicular hypsodont
108
Rabbits chinchilla and guinea pigs have what type of premolars and molars?
aradicular hypsodont
109
The incisors of rodents and lagomorphs are
aradicular hypsodont
110
What is the dental formula for rabbits?
28 teeth:
I (2/1) C (0/0) P (3/2) M (3/3)
111
The guinea pig has elongation of the TMJ in what direction?
Rostral caudal direction
different than other species
112
The chinchilla (and degus) have what colored incisors
Orange from stained enamel
113
What is a clinical signs seen often in rabbits with dental disease?
Wet fur around the mouth without anorexia
114
When encountering an abscess the best thing for culture and cytology is?
The abscess lining as the purulent material is generally sterile
115
Which of the rodent species commonly get caries?
Prairie dogs
116
Why is obesity in rabbits noted with dental disease?
They can not eat forage so owners give them concentrates that they can consume and they become obese.
It is important to ask the diet when see an obese animal and any history of poor mastication and change in diet.
117
Trichobezoar
Hair ball in the stomach
118
Which rodents have a cheek pouch
Hamsters
119
Which is considered a common antibiotic combination for infection in rabbits and rodents?
enrofloxacin and penicillin
penicillin must be given parentally
120
What is a good commercial hand feeding product in rabbits and rodents?
Oxbow Critical Care
www.oxbowhay.com
121
Which periodontal probe is best in rabbits and rodents
Michigan-O probe with williams markings
122
What is this instrument used for in rabbits and rodents
Crossley incisor luxator
123
What is this?
Crossley molar luxator for rabbits and rodents.
bent hypodermic needles can also be used.
124
What are the steps in surgical draining of abscesses in Rabbits and rodents?
* Tooth extraction if involved
* Incision at the margin of the abscess
* Lavage
* Removal of the lining
The goal of most surgical procedures, except wound packing, is to remove the entire abscess including the capsule, extract the tooth fragments involved, and debride the osteomyelitic bone.
125
Traumatic malocclusion hypsodonts
the result of fracture or loss of opposing dentition causing an overlong tooth.
126
What type of molars do rats, mice, hamsters, and gerbils have?
Brachydont closed rooted; do not continue to grow
127
incisors of rodents and lagomorphs are
Aradicular hypsodont
128
"Measuring Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) Tooth Growth and Eruption by Fluorescence Markers and Bur Marks". JVD 2016.
What was the growth rate of the maxillary incisors, mandibular incisors and premolars (with hay diet or pellet diet) of rabbits?
* maxillary incisors 1.9 mm/wk
* mandibular incisors 2.2 mm/wk
* premolars 0.93 mm/wk (hay), 2.14 mm/wk (pellet)
129
What type of molars do rats, mice, hamsters, and gerbils have?
Brachydont closed rooted; do not continue to grow
130
"Evaluation of dental and oral pathologies of 36 captive lions (panthera leo) and tigers (panthera tigris)". JVD 2023. Kopp et al.
What is the most common dental problem among big cats in captivity?
Dentoalveolar trauma (tooth fractures and abrasion) in 24/36 (67%)
131
What's the most common oral disease in camelids?
Tooth root abscesses are the most common oral disease in camelids.
Mandibular teeth are approximately 15 times more likely to develop a tooth root abscess compared to maxillary teeth.
## Footnote
*"Regional and distant metastasis of oral squamous-cell carcinoma in a male castrated llama: a case report". JVD 2022. Kretsch et al.*
132
"Forces on the Incisor Teeth During Odontoplasty of the Cheek Teeth in Sedated Horses". Martin Ostmeier, DVM1 , Frank Schellenberger, Dr med. vet2 , Antonia Troillet, Dr med. vet., DECVS1 , and Doreen Scharner, Dr med. Vet
What were the key findings
A significant difference in the median loads on the incisors at 82 mm (198.88 N), 92 mm (214.18 N), and 102 mm (293.95 N) incisor separation distance.
Bodyweight and mandible length showed positive correlations with increasing forces on incisor teeth.
Forces during examination (no active bur) were significantly higher (237.81 N) than during active rasping with a mechanical bur (173.28 N), contrary to the original hypothesis.
Very high transient peak forces occurred during treatment, reaching up to 3783.6 N, despite sedation.
133
David J. Minich et al. JAVMA 2025.
what was the complication rate in rabbits following coronal reduction and occlusal adjustment? intraoral dental extractions? surgical intervention for periapical infection and an odontogenic abscess?
* 0% following coronal reduction and occlusal adjustment
* 41% following intraoral dental extractions, including incomplete tooth extraction
* 25% following surgical intervention for periapical infection and an odontogenic anscess, including abscess recurrence and sepsis
## Footnote
*"High incidence of complications following intraoral extractions and treatment of periapical infections in the management of domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) dental disease (51 cases)". David J. Minich, Judilee C. Marrow, Miranda J. Sadar, Michelle C. Borsdorf. JAVMA 2025.*
134
David J. Minich et al. JAVMA 2025.
what analgesia and antibiotics were most frequently prescribed to rabbits following coronal reduction and occlusal adjustment? intraoral dental extractions? surgical intervention for periapical infection and an odontogenic anscess?
* Meloxicam for all procedures.
* Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole combination oral suspension following coronal reduction, occlusal adjustment, and dental extractions
* Parenteral penicillin G procaine following periapical infection–related interventions
## Footnote
*"High incidence of complications following intraoral extractions and treatment of periapical infections in the management of domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) dental disease (51 cases)". David J. Minich, Judilee C. Marrow, Miranda J. Sadar, Michelle C. Borsdorf. JAVMA 2025.*
135
David J. Minich et al. JAVMA 2025.
what was the rate of natural death or humane euthanasia in rabbits secondary to progressive dental disease?
7/51 (13.7%) patients had documentation of natural death or humane euthanasia secondary to progressive dental disease.
## Footnote
*"High incidence of complications following intraoral extractions and treatment of periapical infections in the management of domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) dental disease (51 cases)". David J. Minich, Judilee C. Marrow, Miranda J. Sadar, Michelle C. Borsdorf. JAVMA 2025.*
136
"Tooth Nomenclature and Numbering Systems for Exotic Companion Mammals". Vittorio Capello, Cathy Johnson-Delaney, Angela Lennox. JVD 2025.
who am I?
rabbit
137
"Tooth Nomenclature and Numbering Systems for Exotic Companion Mammals". Vittorio Capello, Cathy Johnson-Delaney, Angela Lennox. JVD 2025.
who am I?
guinea pig
138
"Tooth Nomenclature and Numbering Systems for Exotic Companion Mammals". Vittorio Capello, Cathy Johnson-Delaney, Angela Lennox. JVD 2025.
who am I?
chinchilla
139
"Tooth Nomenclature and Numbering Systems for Exotic Companion Mammals". Vittorio Capello, Cathy Johnson-Delaney, Angela Lennox. JVD 2025.
who am I?
rat
140
"Tooth Nomenclature and Numbering Systems for Exotic Companion Mammals". Vittorio Capello, Cathy Johnson-Delaney, Angela Lennox. JVD 2025.
who am I?
prairie dog
141
"Tooth Nomenclature and Numbering Systems for Exotic Companion Mammals". Vittorio Capello, Cathy Johnson-Delaney, Angela Lennox. JVD 2025.
who am I?
ferret
142
"Tooth Nomenclature and Numbering Systems for Exotic Companion Mammals". Vittorio Capello, Cathy Johnson-Delaney, Angela Lennox. JVD 2025.
who am I?
African pygmy hedgehog
143
"Tooth Nomenclature and Numbering Systems for Exotic Companion Mammals". Vittorio Capello, Cathy Johnson-Delaney, Angela Lennox. JVD 2025.
who am I?
sugar glider
144
"Tooth Nomenclature and Numbering Systems for Exotic Companion Mammals". Vittorio Capello, Cathy Johnson-Delaney, Angela Lennox. JVD 2025.
who am I?
Virginia opossum
145
Vladimir Jekl et al. JAVMA 2023.
Odontogenic abscesses in rabbits - is there a sex predispodition?
Male rabbits suffered from odontogenic abscesses significantly more often than females.
## Footnote
*"Radical debridement guided by advanced imaging and frequent monitoring is an effective approach for the treatment of odontogenic abscesses and jaw osteomyelitis in rabbits: a review of 200 cases (2018–2023)". Vladimir Jekl, Edita Jeklova, Karel Hauptman. JAVMA 2023.*
146
Vladimir Jekl et al. JAVMA 2023.
Odontogenic abscesses in rabbits - what is the treatment recommendation?
**treatment should be aggressive (extraction of all involved teeth and radical debridement)**
* The wound healed completely in an average of 39.7 days
* Major complications in 18.5% cases were associated with prolonged healing time: formation of a bone sequestrum, gingival suture failure
* recurrence of odontogenic infection was 8%
## Footnote
*"Radical debridement guided by advanced imaging and frequent monitoring is an effective approach for the treatment of odontogenic abscesses and jaw osteomyelitis in rabbits: a review of 200 cases (2018–2023)". Vladimir Jekl, Edita Jeklova, Karel Hauptman. JAVMA 2023.*
147
Nicolas Girard. JVD 2024.
Odontogenic abscesses in rabbits - what is the treatment recommendation?
CBCT improved therapeutic outcome through **extraoral surgical extraction, without extensive surgical debridement of the abscess capsule, local antibiotic therapy, or marsupialization of the surgical site**
* 95% surgical sites had radiologic confirmation of success of the surgical plan
* 90% of the abscess sites were clinically healed within one month
* 35% (7/20) abscess sites presented evidence of one dental structure regrowth following the CBCT recheck. 2 of these 7 cases presented with a concomitant persistent chronic facial fistula. Both cases healed after second-stage surgery to extract the tooth structure
## Footnote
*"Surgical Treatment of Facial Abscesses and Jaw Osteomyelitis of Dental Origin Using Extraoral Tooth Extraction in the Domestic Rabbit: A Case Series". Nicolas Girard. JVD 2024.*
148
Nicolas Girard. JVD 2024.
Odontogenic abscesses in rabbits - multi-planar reconstruction (MPR) and 3D reconstruction complemented by a maximum intensity projection filter (MIP) were compared. which was more efficient?
MPR is significantly more efficient than MIP techniques for alveolar bone, spongious bone, and apical elongation.
## Footnote
*"Surgical Treatment of Facial Abscesses and Jaw Osteomyelitis of Dental Origin Using Extraoral Tooth Extraction in the Domestic Rabbit: A Case Series". Nicolas Girard. JVD 2024.*
149
(no specific paper)
What is the role of Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath (HERS) in rabbits teeth?
Absent or non-functional for root formation
Rabbits are eledont. Root apex permanently open and IEE/OEE persists as cervical loop.
In horses (hypsodont) HERS does form then break down as in brachydonts.
Theory
flashcards
Decks in class (18)
# Cards
-
equipment and materials462
-
anatomy, development and histology760
-
diagnosis, radiography and radiology127
-
oral pathology389
-
medicine, pharmacology and anesthesia197
-
periodontology532
-
endodontics448
-
restorative and prosthodontics295
-
orthodontics173
-
oral surgery423
-
trauma247
-
equine111
-
oral mass / tumor430
-
exotics149
-
general30
-
TMJ69
-
Questions You Bet Will Come Up6
-
VOHC / Oral Homecare / Perio prevention products11
