Ethical Issues (RM2) Flashcards by Esra EDRIS

What is the primary duty of psychologists in research?

Duty of care

Psychologists study people and must ensure ethical standards in all aspects of research.

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According to the British Psychological Society (BPS), what must investigators consider in their research?

Ethical implications and psychological consequences

This consideration is crucial for the well-being of research participants.

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List the nine aspects of ethics covered by the BPS code of ethics.

Consent
Deception
Debriefing
Withdrawal from investigation
Confidentiality
Protection of participants
Observational research
Giving advice
Colleagues

These aspects guide ethical conduct in research with human participants.

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True or false: Participants should be misled during psychological research.

FALSE

Deception is not allowed; participants should not be misled.

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What should happen after a psychological investigation according to the BPS code?

Debriefing

The study should be discussed with participants following the investigation.

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What right do participants have regarding their involvement in research?

Right to withdraw

Participants should feel free to leave the investigation at any time.

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What is the role of an ethics committee in psychological research?

Provide guidance on ethical responsibilities

They ensure research aligns with the BPS Code of Human Research Ethics.

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What must researchers obtain from the ethics committee before conducting research?

Approval for their research

This ensures that the research adheres to ethical guidelines.

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What do ethics committees assess when research may not fully abide by ethical guidelines?

Cost-benefit analysis

They weigh the value of the research against potential costs to participants.

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Fill in the blank: Most ethical issues can be avoided by gaining _______ from potential participants.

informed consent

This ensures participants understand the research before agreeing to take part.

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What does the BPS code state about confidentiality?

Participants have the right to confidentiality

This protects participants’ private information during research.

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What is the responsibility of psychologists regarding giving advice?

Only give advice for which they are qualified

This ensures that advice is based on expertise and ethical standards.

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What is the ethical consideration regarding observational research?

Respect the privacy of participants

This is crucial to maintain ethical standards in research.

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What is the primary ethical issue in psychological research?

Conflict between conducting research and respecting participants’ dignity and wellbeing

Researchers aim to produce valid data while ensuring participant rights are upheld.

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What is informed consent in the context of psychological studies?

Participants are informed about the study’s aims, procedures, rights, and data usage

Participants must make an informed judgment without feeling coerced.

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What must be included in a consent form for participants?

Aims and procedures of the study
Participants’ rights (including right to withdraw)
Data usage information

Consent forms ensure participants understand what they are agreeing to.

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What is presumptive consent?

Asking similar individuals if they would consider the research acceptable

If they agree, it is assumed that actual participants would also agree.

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What is prior general consent?

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Asking volunteers general questions about potential participation in misleading studies

This helps gauge willingness before actual participation.

What is retrospective consent?

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Debriefing participants after the study and asking for consent to use their data

Participants can withdraw their data if they do not consent post-study.

What is the ethical issue of deception in research?

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Deliberately misleading or withholding information from participants

Participants cannot give informed consent if deceived.

How should researchers handle deception in studies?

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Provide as much information as possible in instructions
Debrief participants with true study aims
Reassure participants about their behavior

Counseling should be offered if participants feel distressed due to deception.

True or false: Researchers can always use deception in studies without any justification.

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FALSE

Deception must not cause undue distress and requires ethics committee approval.

What is the relationship between informed consent and deception?

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Deception prevents informed consent as participants cannot make informed decisions

Ethical guidelines emphasize transparency to uphold participant rights.

What is the researcher’s responsibility regarding participants’ protection from harm?

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To protect participants from physical and psychological harm, including embarrassment and stress

The risk of harm must be no greater than in ordinary life.

How should a researcher ensure **participants' safety** during a study?

By making procedures safe and ensuring participants are aware of their right to withdraw ## Footnote Participants can stop their participation if they feel they are experiencing harm.

If a researcher suspects that a study is causing **harm**, what should they do?

Terminate the research even if the participant has not asked to withdraw ## Footnote This includes undue stress, anxiety, or anger.

What is the purpose of a **debrief** after a study?

* Complete participants' understanding of the study * Monitor unforeseen negative effects * Find out if anything upset the participant ## Footnote Participants should leave the study in the same state as they entered.

What should researchers provide if participants require it after a study?

Counseling or a referral to a qualified counselor ## Footnote This is necessary if participants have experienced harm.

Under the **data protection act**, what rights do participants have regarding their personal data?

* Right to have personal data protected * Right to confidentiality * Right to control information about them ## Footnote Information should not be traceable back to participants.

How should researchers maintain **anonymity** in reports?

By not naming participants and referring to them as Participant 1, Participant 2, etc. ## Footnote This is most common in case studies.

What should participants be reminded of in the **consent form**?

Their right to withdraw from the study ## Footnote This reminder should also be included in standardized instructions and debrief.

True or false: Participants can withdraw their results from the study after completion.

TRUE ## Footnote Participants should be informed they can stop their participation at any point.

What should be included in the **debrief** for participants?

* Aims and procedures of the study * Reminder of rights, including right to withdraw * Explanation of data usage ## Footnote Parents should also be debriefed if participants are under 16.

What should a **consent form** include regarding procedural points?

* Description of the task participants are expected to do * Check participants' understanding of what they are being asked to do * Ask if they have any questions? ## Footnote These points ensure participants are fully informed about their involvement in the study.

What are the **ethical points** that must be included in a consent form?

* No pressure to consent * Ability to withdraw at any time * Ability to withdraw data from the study * Data will be kept confidential and anonymous * Full debrief at the end of the study * Space for participants to sign and date ## Footnote Ethical considerations are crucial to protect participants' rights and well-being.

True or false: Participants can withdraw their data from the study at any time.

TRUE ## Footnote Participants have the right to withdraw their data even after the study is complete.

What is the **main aim** of the study mentioned in the consent form?

To test the psychological consequences of medical conditions and interventions ## Footnote The study compares data from healthy participants with groups of patients suffering from heart and liver disease.

What types of tests will participants complete during the study?

* Three brief tests of attention * Memory test * Concentration test * Two questionnaires assessing emotional state and quality of life * Brief driving simulation test ## Footnote The entire procedure is designed to last approximately one hour.

Fill in the blank: Consent forms must be written in a suitably **_______** tone.

formal ## Footnote A formal tone ensures clarity and professionalism in the consent process.

What should participants understand about their **participation** in the study?

* Participation is voluntary * They may withdraw at any time without penalty * They understand what their participation involves * All questions about the study have been satisfactorily answered ## Footnote This understanding is crucial for informed consent.

True or false: Participants can still **withdraw** from the investigation after the study.

TRUE ## Footnote Participants have the right to withdraw their data at any time.

What should participants do if they feel they have suffered any **psychological harm**?

Contact the researcher for further help and support ## Footnote The researcher will refer them to appropriate resources.

What should participants do if they have any **questions** about the study?

Feel free to ask the researcher ## Footnote Participants are encouraged to seek clarification on any aspect of the study.

Do participants still consent to their results being used for the **study**?

Yes, they need to confirm their consent ## Footnote Consent is an ongoing process throughout the study.

Ethical Issues (RM2) Flashcards

(44 cards)