daily secretion of stool a day
100-200 g/24hrs
main site of digestion and absorption:
emulsify fasts for digestion:
small intestine
bile salts
vol of fluid enter the gi tract daily:
vol excreeted in fluid:
vol abs by large intestine:
called when excess water reaches the large intestine:
called is there is prolonged water absorption:
approx 900 ml
approx 150 ml
approx 3000 ml
diarrhea
constipation (hard stool)
type od diarrhea where there is inc secretion of water and electrolytes
e coli, slamonella, crytosporidium
laxatives drugs hormones ibd neoplsms endocrine disorders
secretory diarrhea
type of diarrhea where there is a poor absorption that leads to water retention in lumen
unabsorebed solutes inc osmotic pressure
lactose intol
celiac sprue
laxatives mg antacids
sorbitol mannitol
amebiasis antibiotics
osmotic diarrhea
major mechanism of diarrhea where it refers to hypermotility or hypomotility
seen in itirable bowel syngdrom: cramping bloating alternating diarrhea or constipation
RGE (dumping syndrome)
early dumping 10-30 min post meal
late dumping 2-3 hrs post meal often hypoglycemia
RGE: stomach empties less than 35 mins
normal: 35 to 100 mins
altered motility
excess fat in stool, more than 6g per day
indicated fat maldigestion or malabsorption
dec bile pacreatic disab malab syndromes giardia infec
diagnostic test: d-xylose test
steatorrhea
lecal leuko (primary test if invasive or entroinvasive bacterial pathogens ang nandyan)
wet prep are stained with:
dried smears are stained with:
invasive condistion:
bacte that cause enteroinvasive:
mythlene blue
wrights or grams stain
3neut/hpf
e.coli
test sensitive in ref and frozen specimens
____________ - granulocyte secondary granules
for invasive bacte patho
lactoferrin latex agglu (fecal leuko)
presence of muscle fibers in stoo
creatorrehea
clin test
.2.5 ml/150g stool is patho sig with no signs of bleeding
colorectal cancer unexplained anemia
occult blood
clin test for feces
most freq screening test
lease sensi guaiac is preffered for routine testing
uses pseudoperoxidase enzyme
guaiac based fobt (blue color +)
gold standard for quanti test for fecal FAT content
principle: titration or tirimetric method
reagent: naoh
normal value: wt standard diet - 1-6g/day
van de kamer test
simple alt to 72 hrs fecal test
screening for therapy
acid steatrocrit test
clin test
diff fetal and adult hb
APT test (fetal hb)
fecal enzymes chem test
detects trypsin:
wt clearing of gelatin
more resistant to intestinal degredation and is more sensitive indicator of less severe cases of pancreatic insuff:
measure by spectro
prod by the pancrease and accounts 6% of all secreted pancreatic enzymes
measured by ELISA
sensi for exocrine pancreatic inssuf
x-ray film test
chymotrypsin
Elastase 1
normal stool ph:
ph with carb disorders:
clinitest: a test for reducing sugars
+: _____ g/dl
7-8
<5.5
>/= 0.5 g/dl (carb intol)
