1
Q
what are the groups of the digestive system
A
- gastrointestinal tract (GI tract)
- accessory digestive organs
2
Q
what are most organs of the GI tract protected by?
A
the peritoneum
serous membrane lining, supports and covers the digestive organs
3
Q
where does the GI tract begin and end
A
mouth to anus
4
Q
what are the accessory organs involved in doing
A
grinding food or providing digestive secretions
5
Q
is the tongue part of the GI tract or the accessory organs
A
accessory organs
grinds food
6
Q
is the teeth part of the GI tract or the accessory digestive organs
A
accessory digestive organs
grinds food
7
Q
are salivary glands part of the GI tract or the accessory digestive organs
A
accessory digestive organs
secretes
8
Q
is the liver part of the GI tract or the accessory digestive organs
A
accessory ograns
secretes
9
Q
is the gallbladder part of the GI tract or the accessory organs
secretes
A
accessory organs
10
Q
is the pancreas part of the GI tract or the accessory organs
secretes
A
accessory organs
11
Q
in the teeth and socket (figure 23.2), where does the bacteria reside?
A
on top and in between the teeth
12
Q
does the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum contain microbes?
A
these regions are almost free of microbes
13
Q
how does the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum prevent microbial colonization?
A
- peristalsis
- & rapid transport of food
peristalsis = involuntary constriction & relaxation of the intestines
no time to marinate
14
Q
does the tongue, teeth, jejunum, ileum, colon, and rectum contain microbes?
if so what species
A
yes, viridans streptococci are most prevalent in this region
15
Q
what does the lower small intestine and colon contain that will prevent microbes entry to the bloodstream?
A
mucous membrane prevents entry of microbes into the bloodstream
16
Q
what type of bacteria is prevalent in the ileum region?
A
viridans streptococci
17
Q
what prevents bacteria to enter the bloodstream in the colon region?
A
the mucous membrane would prevent entry of microbes into the bloodstream
18
Q
what type of bacteria would be more prevalent in the teeth region?
A
viridans streptococci
19
Q
what type of bacteria would be more prevalent in the jejunum region?
A
viridans streptococci
20
Q
what type of bacteria would be more prevalent in the esophagus region
A
region is almost free of microbes
21
Q
what type of bacteria would be more prevalent in the rectum region
A
viridans streptococci
22
Q
what prevents bacteria from entering the bloodstream in the lower small intestine?
A
the mucous membrane prevents entry of microbes into the bloodstream
23
Q
what type of bacteria would be more prevalet in the region of the tongue
A
viridans streptococci
24
Q
what type of bacteria would be more prevalent in the region of the stomach
A
region is almost free of microbes
25
what type of bacteria would be more prevalent in the region of the duodenum
region is almost free of microbes
26
caries, a bacterial disease, appears as what in the teeth?
as hole or pits in the teeth
| imagine bacteria "carie-ing" pieces of teeth away hence holes and pits
27
what does periodontal disease appear as?
gums that are swollen, tender, bright red, or bleeding
28
what bacterial species is the frequent cause of caries?
streptococcus mutans
29
in caries, streptococcus mutans dextran and fimbriae allow what to form on the teeth?
biofilm
30
what age group have most experience the bacterial disease, caries?
adults
31
what increases the risk of tooth decay
diets high in sucrose
32
how is caries diagnosed
by visual inspection
33
how is caries treated
by filing cavities if caught early
34
how is gingivitis diagnosed
by inspection of the gums
| -itis means inflammation
35
how is gingivitis treated
by scaling and use of antibacterial rinses
36
how to prevent dental caries, gingivitis, and periodontal disease
good oral hygiene
37
what is the main symptom of peptic ulcer disease
abdominal pain
| sores in the lining of the stomach or small intestine = abdominal pain
38
what is the pathogen that causes peptic ulcer disease
helicobacter pylori
39
# peptic ulcer disease
protein, a virulence factor in the helicobacter pyloric prevents production of what?
stomach acid
40
# peptic ulcer disease
flagella, a virulence factor of helicobacter pylori, enables what
burrowing through stomach lining
41
# peptic ulcer disease
adhesins, a virulence factor of helicobacter pylori facilitates what
attachment to gastric cells
42
# peptic ulcer disease
urease, a virulence factor of helicobacter pylori neutralizes what
stomach acid
43
what are the steps of helicobacter pylori forming peptic ulcers
1. bacteria invade mucus and attach to gastric epithelial cells
2. helicobacter, its toxins, and inflammation cause the layer of mucus to become thin
3. gastric acid destroys epithelial cells and underlying tissue
44
how is peptic ulcer disease transmitted
likely fecal-oral transmission
45
what may worsen ulcer symptoms
stress
46
in peptic ulcer disease;
- how are the ulcers diagnosed
- how is the presence of H. pylori identified?
- X-ray exam
- in clinical specimens
47
how are peptic ulcer disease treated
with antimicrobials and drugs that inhibit stomach acid
48
how is peptic ulcer disease prevented
avoiding fecal oral transmission
49
what is bacterial gastroenteritis
inflammation of stomach or intestines caused by bacteria
50
bacterial gastroenteritis is associated with what living conditions
contaminated food or water and poor living conditions
51
what are teh general features that bacterial gastroenteritis causes
* nausea
* vomiting
* diarrhea
* abdominal pain
* cramps
52
bacterial gastroenteritis' dysentery produces what and what does it contain
- produces loose, frequent stool
- contains mucus and blood
53
what produces loose, frequent stool that contains mucus and blood in bacterial gastroenteritis
dysentery
54
what is the treatment for bacterial gastroenteritis
fluid and electrolyte replacement
55
how to prevent bacterial gastroenteritis
proper handling, storage, and preparation of food
56
what temperatures are considered the danger zone
room temperature
(40 F - 135 F)
57
foods should be kept cold at [..] F or below
41
58
hot holding temperature all hot food [..] F or above
135
59
cook fish, shellfish, lamb, beef, and pork to at least [..] F
145
60
cook ground beef to at least [..] F
155
61
cook poultry and stuffed foods to at least [..] F. Reheat leftovers to at least [..] F
165 x2
62
what is the pathogen that causes shigellosis
four species of Shigella
63
what are the virulence factors of shigella, the pathogen for bacterial gastroenteritis
- secretion systems
- enterotoxins
64
# bacterial gastroenteritis
what does the shigella pathogen colonize cells of?
of the small intestine, then large intestine
65
how is Shigellosis diagnosed
by symptoms and presence of Shigella in stool
66
how is Shigellosis treated
supportive treatment and administration of antimicrobials
67
# bacterial gastroenteritis
steps of the events in shigellosis
1. Shigella attaches to epithelial cell of colon
2. shigella triggers endocytosis
3. shigella multiplies in cytosol
4. shigella invades neighboring epithelial cells, thus avoiding immune defenses
5. an abcess forms as epithelial cells are killed by the infection
6. shigella that enters the blood is quickly phagocytozed and destroyed. no bacteremia
68
what is the pathogen for Travelers Diarrhea
Escherichia Coli
69
what are the virulence factors for Travelers Diarrhea
- adhesins
- fimbriae
- toxins
70
what is diarrhea mediated by in Travelers Diarrhea?
where is it more common in?
- mediated by enterotoxins
- developing countries
71
how is Travelers Diarrhea diagnosed?
- based on signs and symptoms
- can identify some E. coli species in stool
72
how is travelers diarrgea treated
based on fluid and electrolyte replacement
(antidiarrheal drugs prolong the symptoms)
73
what is the pathogen that causes campylobacter diarrhea?
what are the virulence factors?
campylobacter jejuni
adhesins, cytotocins, and endotoxin
74
what do the virulence factors cause in campylobacter diarrhea?
what is the main source for human infections?
- cause bleeding lesions and inflammation
- chickens
75
how is bacterial gastroenteritis : campylobacter diarrhea diagnosed?
how are most cases resolved?
- signs and symptoms + can identify campylobacter (pathogen) in stool
- resolve w/o treatment
76
how can campylobacter diarrhea, be prevented?
with proper hygiene after handling raw poultry
77
what pathogen is the most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in the united states?
campylobacter jejuni
(campylobacter diarrhea)
78
what can develop in severe cases of C. diff (antimicroial-associated) diarrhea
pseudomembranous colitis
79
what is the pathogen that causes C. diff. (antimicrobial-associated) diarrhea
clostridium difficile
80
# C. diff (antimicrobial associated) Diarrhea
antimicrobial use facilitates [..] of C. difficile, C. difficile produces [..] toxins; toxins mediate [..] and [..] formation
overgrowth
two
inflammation
pseudomembrane
81
what is C. diff (antimicrobial-associated) diarrhea a by-product of and what can trigger the disease?
- by product of modern medicine
- any antimicrobial can trigger the disease
82
how can C. diff (antimicrobial-associated) diarrhea be diagnosed?
based on presence of bacterial toxin in stool + nucleic acid test can identify C. difficile in stool
83
how can C. diff diarrhea be treated and prevented?
- with antimicrobials, experimental fecal transplants + avoid unnecessary use of antimicrobials
- proper hygiene practies are important in health care settings
84
what is the pathogen that causes salmonellosis and typhoid fever
salmonella enterica serotypes
typhoid fever = serotypes Typhi and Paratyphi
salmonellosis = serotypes enteritidis and typhimurium
85
# bacterial gastroenteritis
in salmonellosis and typhoid fever, the bacteria tolerate the [..] of the stomach and pass to the [..]; toxins disrupt numerous [..] activities
acidity
intestine
cellular
86
how is typhoid fever acquired?
how is salmonellosis often acquired?
- contaminated food or water
- consuming contaminated eggs
87
what are the steps in the events for salmonellosis
1. salmonella attaches to epithelial cells lining the small intestine
2. salmonella triggers endocytosis
3. salmonella multiplies within food vesicle
4. salmonella kills host cell, inducing fever, cramps, and diarrhea
5. bacteremia: salmonella moves into bloodstream
88
how is salmonellosis and typhoid fever diagnosed
- diagnosis is made by finding salmonella in stool + nucleic acid test can be used
-
89
# bacterial gastroenteritis
how is salmonellosis treated
how is typhoid fever treated
how are they prevented
- salmonellosis is usually self-limiting
- typhoid fecer can be treated with antibmicrobial drugs
- prevented with proper hygiene
90
what pathogen causes cholera? where does it occur
vibrio cholerae
occurs in both salt and freshwater
91
# bacterial gastroenteritis : cholera
the environment within the human body activates what?
some vibrio genes
92
what is the most important virulence factor in cholera?
the production of cholera toxin
93
# bacterial gastroenteritis : cholera
[..] have occured throughout history, cholera toxin produces the severe [..] characteristic of cholera
pandemics
diarrhea
94
steps for the action of cholera toxin in intestinal epithelial cells
1. cholera toxin binds to membrane of epithelial cell
2. portion of toxin (part of A) enters cell
3. A1 activates adenylate cyclase (AC)
4. cyclic AMP (cAMP) is synthesized
5. cyclic AMP stimulates cell to secrete Cl-, Na+, and other electrolytes
6. water flows electrolytes into lumen
95
how is cholera diagnosed and treated
- based on presence of "rice-water" stool
- supportive care and administration of doxycycline
96
how is cholera prevented
- available vaccine provides only short-lived immunity
- proper hygiene is an important preventive measure
97
how long is the incubation period for the shigellosis
1-7 days
98
how long is the incubation period for travelers diarrhea
24-72 hours
99
what is a complication of the travelers diarrhea
dehydration
100
what are complications of shigellosis
severe dehydration; febrile seizures, confusion, and other neurological complications may appear in children
101
what are the distinguishing manifestations of shigellosis vs travelers diarrhea
purulent (containing mucus and pus), bloody stools, cramping, rectal pain, fever, vomiting, and nausea lasting 2-3 days
| compare only nausea, vomiting, and diarrheal symptoms lasting 1-3 days
102
what are the distinguishing manifestations of travelers diarrhea vs shigellosis
nausea, vomiting, and diarrheal symptoms lasting 1-3 days
## Footnote
compare 2-3 days purulent (containing mucus and pus) bloody stools, cramping, rectal pain, fever, vomiting, and nausea
103
what are complications of E. Coli infection
death
104
what are complications of campylobacter diarrhea
sepsis, arthritis, guillain-barre syndrome (temporary nerve paralysis), death
105
what are distinguising manifestations of E. coli infection
bloody diarrhea, fatal hemorrhagin uremic syndrome - destruction of erythrocytes and kidney failure
106
what are distinguishing manifestations of campylobacter diarrhea
10 or more bowel movements per day lasting 2-5 days; blood may be present in diarrhea
107
108
what are complications of C. diff (antimicrobial-associated) diarrhea
pseudomembranous colitis, death
109
what are complications of salmonellosis
dehydration
110
what are distinguishing manifestations between C. diff (antimicrobial-associated) diarrhea
numerous, watery, foul smelling stools; pseudomembranes
111
what are complications for typhoid fever
intestinal perforation, hemorrhaging, kidney failure, peritonitis, and death
112
what are complications for cholera
death can occur within 48 hours of symptom onset if untreated (25-50% mortality rate)
113
what are distinguishing manifestations for typhoid fever
high fever (40 C), headache, muscle and stomach pain, malaise, loss of appetite, rose-colored spots
114
what are the distinguishing manifestations for cholera
rice-water stool (watery, colorless, odorless stools flecked with mucus) lasting 2-3 days; patients may lose up to 1 L of fluid per hour
115
bacterial food poisoning (intoxication) includes what symptoms
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and cramping
116
what is the pathogen that causes bacterial food poisoning (intoxication) and its virulence factors
- staphylococcus aureus
- five enterotoxins
| outbreaks are associated with social functions
117
how is bacterial food poisoning (intoxication);
- diagnosed
- treated
- prevented
- diagnosed by signs and symptoms
- treated with fluid and electrolyte replacement
- proper hygiene and food handling can reduce incidence
118
since oral herpes includes the presence of cold sores, can the infection extend beyond the oral cavity ?
yes;
- herpetic gingivostomatitis
- herpetic pharyngitis
- herpes esophagitis
119
what is the pathogen that causes oral herpes
human herpesvirus 1 (HHV-1)
120
human herpesvirus 1 (HHV-1) pathogenecity
- virions form syncytia to avoid host's immune system
- latency established in the trigeminal nerve ganglion
121
oral herpes; infections occur by casual contact in [..], primary infections are usually [..]
childhood
asymptomatic
122
how are oral herpes diagnosed and how can they be prevented
- characteristic lesions
- avoid direct contact with infected individuals
123
how are oral herpes treated
topical valacyclovir limits duration of lesions and reduces viral shedding
124
viral gastroenteritis is similar to those of [..] gastroentiritis, [..] is common complication
bacterial
dehydration
125
- what are the pathogens that cause viral gastroenteritis
- what does the virus infect
- caliciviruses, astroviruses, and rotaviruses
- these viruses infect cells lining the intestinal tract
| rotavirus are live attenuated vaccines that are required
126
- when are there more cases of viral gastroenteritis
- which of the pathogen causes childhood deaths in developing countries
- in winter
- rotaviruses
127
how is viral gastroenteritis diagnosed
- serological test distinguishes among viruses (stool sample)
- nucleic acid test can also identify some of the viruses
128
how can viral gastroenteritis treated & prevented?
- treated with fluid and electrolye replacement
- prevented w/ proper treatment of water and sewage and good hygiene practices
- vaccine for rotavirus exists
| e.g. fast food workers not washing hands after bathroom breaks
129
what are the signs of viral hepatitis
include jaundice, abdominal pain, fatigue, vomiting, and weight loss
130
symptoms of viral hepatitis occur after what
initial infection
131
what are the five viruses that cause hepatitis
* hepatitis A virus (HAV)
* hepatitis B virus (HBV)
* hepatitis C virus (HCV)
* hepatitis delta virus (HDV)
* hepatitis E virus (HEV)
| A & C are most common in united states
132
what is a common way to get viral hepatitis
through sharing meals
or blood transfusions
| in drug population,
133
pathogenecity of the viral hepatitis causes damage to what
liver due mostly to host immune response
134
most of the time hepatitis viruses are transmitted through what ways
sex and needles (A,B,C,H)
fecal-oral (+A, E)
135
giardiasis is also known as what
backpack disease
136
symptoms of giardiasis
- often asymptomatic
- diarrhea and associated symptoms can last up to four weeks
137
why are hikers getting giardiasis (backpack disease)
drinking contaminated stream water,
can carry fecal and urine material
138
what is the pathogen that causes giardiasis
what are they resistant to
- giardia intestinalis
- G. intestinalis cysts are resistant to chlorine, heat, drying, and stomach acid
139
what species of microbe causes giardiasis (backpack disease)
a protozoan
140
giardiasis occurs in what type of countries
developed and developing countries
141
who is at particular risk of giardiasis
hikers, campers, and swimmers
142
how is giardiasis diagnosed
- by immunoassay, GPP test, or microscopic observationof giardia in stool
143
what do the protozoans in giardiasis form in the body
cysts
144
how is giardia treated
- with tinidazole or metronidazole
- oral rehydration therapy may be needed
145
how is giardiasis prevented
relies on using good hygiene and filtering water in endemic areas
146
what are the signs of cryptosporidiosis
severe watery diarrhea with potentially serious complications
147
what is the pathogen that causes cryptosporidiosis and what is its pathogenicity
cryptosporidium (protozoan species)
pathogenicity is unclear
148
what does cryptosporidiosis produce on the body
cysts
149
how does cryptosporidiosis infection result from
drinking contaminated water
150
how is crpytosporidiosis diagnosed and prevented
- presence of oocysts in feces is diagnostic
- prevented with proper hygiene
151
how is cryptosporidiosis treated with
with fluid and electrolytes replacement
152
what is the pathogen that causes amebiasis
entamoeba histolytica
153
virulent strains of entamoeba histolytica (amebiasis) produces what that are toxic to cells and faciliate invasion
numerous proteins
154
[..] in the peritoneal cavity or blood cause symptoms (amebiasis)
trophozoites
155
how is amebiasis transmitted
by consumption of contaminated food or water, from contaminated hands, or by oral-anal intercourse
156
T/F: never mix anal microbes into the oral cavity during sex
TRUE
157
what type of amebiasis do majority of individuals develop
luminal amebiasis
158
what helps maintain transmission of amebiasis
human carriers
159
how is amebiasis diagnosed
by microscopic observation of entamoeba in stool or intestinal biopsy
160
how is amebiasis treated
how is it prevented
- oral rehydration therapy and antiamebic drugs
- prevent with proper hygiene and safe sex practices
161
how should amebiasis be prevented
individuals in endemic areas should drink bottled water and avoid uncooked vegetables or unpeeled fruits
162
what are helminths
macroscopic, multicellular worms
| are parasites (neeed host) can live for years
163
helminths can infest what
the GI tract as non-disease causing parasites
164
tapeworm is the common name for a [..]
cestode
| used to be ingested for weight loss
165
- cestodes, tapeworms, are what?
- what do these intestinal parasites lack
- are flat, segmented, parasitic helminth
- lack own digestive system
166
what are the signs and symptoms of a tapeworm infestation
- usually asymptomatic
- nausea, abdominal pain, weight loss, and diarrhea may occur
167
taenia saginata is what type of tapeworm
beef tapeworm
168
taenia solium is what type of tapeworm
pork tapeworm
169
in tape worm infestations, the life cycle is split between primary and intermediate host
yes
170
what is the greatest disease threat
bacteria that resist antibiotics
one day the efficacy will be gone
171
why is antibiotic resistance rising
b/c of overuse and poor use of antibiotics
172
has the number of new drugs have come out kept pace with the acceleration of drug resistance
no
173
have pharmacy companies continued to research for new drugs and antibiotics?
no, theyve stopped
leaving a swath of msotly small biotech companies
174
what is phage
bacteria killing viruses
they have shown to effectively fight and destroy multidrug resistant bacteria
175
what is antibiotic stewardship
is the effort to measure and improve how antibiotics are prescribed by clinicians and used by patients
176
what are the common ways to treat viral gastroenteritis diseases
* rehydration
* therapy
* electrolyte replacement
177
gastroenteritis usually signals what ?
diarhhea
178
in males, what two systems share some components
urinary and reproductive
179
in females, are their urinary and reproductive systems similar or distinctive
distinct
180
ureters carry urine to where ?
urinary bladder
| we have two (one on each kidney)
181
through what is the urine excreted through
the urethra
182
what are the influencing factors that cause woman to be asymptomatic
their hormones and the reproductive organs that are present
183
why are women more likely to have urinary infections
because they have shorter urethras while men have longer ones
| takes longer time to travel the urethra in men
184
what are the strucutres of the female reproductive system
- ovaries
- uterine tubes
- uterus
- vagina
- external genitalia
185
in a female reproductive system, where do microorganisms enter through
the vagina
186
extra openings in the body equals for an extra place for what?
microbes to enter, causing problems
187
what is a characteristic of the vagina in preventing microbes from entering
it is acidic
188
what are the reproductive structures in a male
- testes (or testicles)
- scrotum
- system of ducts
- accessory glands
- penis
189
# in context to their urinary and reproductive systems
how do microroganisms enter in a male
through urethra and skin of penis
| there is one less opening for men than in women
190
are there more microbes to the vagina or to the urethra?
the vagina
191
what microorganisms does the urethra support colonization for
- lactobacillus
- staphylococcus
- streptococcus
192
the other urinary organs are [..] (not including the urethra)
sterile
193
in the male reproductive system the regions above the [..] are sterile
prostate
194
in the female reproductive system the [..] is colonized by various microorganisms, depending on hormone levels
vagina
195
the overall health of a vagina comes from what?
the organisms that are present
and hormones
196
microbes of the urethra and vagina outcompete pathogens through what ?
microbial antagonism
197
microorganisms in the urethra can move up to infect what ?
the kidneys
198
opportunistic and sexually transmitted microbes can infect what system
the reproductive system
199
kidney infection > bladder infection > UTI
more worse to least worse
200
what are signs and symptoms of a bacterial urinary tract infection
- frequent, urgent and painful urination
- urine may be cloudy with foul odor
201
what is the pathogen behind bacterial urinary tract infections
escherichia coli causes most cases
(enteric bacteria)
| e. coli is normal microbiota of the GI tract
202
what are the virulence factors of escherichia coli for bacterial urinary tract infections
flagella (makes mobile)
attachment fimbrae
203
is bacterial urinary tract infections more common in females or males
females
204
how is bacterial urinary tract infections diagnosed
based on urinalysis
205
how are bacterial urinary tract infections treated
many cases resolve without treatment
(some treated with antimicrobials)
206
how are bacterial urinary tract infections prevented
limiting contamination by fecal microbes
207
is urine sterile ?
yes should be if everything is good
208
leptospirosis is a [..] disease seen primarily in [..]
zoonotic
animals
209
what are signs and symptoms of leptospirosis
- abrupt fever, myalgia, muscle stiffness, and headache
- rarely fatal
210
what is the pathogen that causes leptospirosis
where does the pathogen normally live in
leptospira interrogans
in many wild and domestic animals
| avoid when pregnant cleaning the cat box
## Footnote
pathogen is a spirochete
211
how is the leptospirosis pathogen transmitted
by contact with urine of infected animal or urine-contaminated water
212
leptospirosis is a spirochete taht travels via what
the bloodstream throughout the body
| corkscrew way into tissues
213
where does leptospirosis occur
throughout the world but is rare in the united states
214
* how is leptospirosis diagnosed
* how is it treated
* how is it prevented
- diagnosed based on antibody test
- treated with antimicrobial
- prevented by avoiding contaminated water + vaccine available for livestock and pets
215
what is a complication of streptococcal acute glomerulonephritis
renal (kidney) failure
can be irreversible kidney damage in adults
| comes from having STREP throat
216
what can streptococcal acute glomerulonephritis cause and produce in the kidneys
- cause inflammation of the glomeruli and nephrons
- produce hypertension and low urine output
217
what are the signs and symptoms of staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome
- sudden onset fever, chills, vomiting, diarrhea, low blood pressure, mental confusion, and severe red rash
- & very swollen lymph nodes near groin
| related to the use of tampons for more than +4 hours
## Footnote
shock = never good
218
what happens if an individual has untreated signs and symptoms of staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome
individuals go into shock if untreated
219
what are the species of microbe strains that cause staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome
S. aureus
(these strains produce toxic shock syndrome)
cause excessive cytokina production by T cells
| only certain strains have it
220
what is another way that staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome can occur
nasal packing
221
absorption of what into the blood triggers toxic shock syndrome
toxin
222
do most cases of staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome occur in females or males
in menstruating females
223
how is staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome diagnosed
is it considered a medical emergency
based on signs and symptoms
yes
224
how is staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome treated
how is it prevented
- treated with anitmicrobial drugs and requires removal of foreign material
- avoiding tampons or using less absorbent tampons reducees risk
225
what are signs and symptoms of bacterial vaginosis
white vaginal discharge with a "fishy" odor
226
what is the pathogen that causes bacterial vaginosis
various anaerobic bacteria
227
bacterial vaginosis is associated with doing and having too much of what
multiple sexual partners and vaginal douching
| throws pH off, cleaning too much rids of normal microbiota
228
how is bacterial vaginosis diagnosed and treated
- diagnosed based on signs and symptoms
- treated with oral or vaginal metronidazole
229
what is bacterial vaginosis also called
VV
230
what is vaginal candidiasis also called
yeast infection
231
what are signs and symptoms of vaginial candidiasis
- severe vaginal itching and burning
- curdlike discharge is normal
232
what is the pathogen that most commonly causes vaginal candidiasis
candida albicans
(normal microbiota of skin and mucous membranes)
233
vaginal candidiosis can become systemic in what types of individuals
immunocompromised
234
how is vaginal candidiasis diagnosed and treated
- identificatio of candida and presence of symptoms are diagnostic
- treated with azole or fluconazole
235
how is vaginal candidiasis prevented
by avoiding persistent moisture in genital area
236
why does candida albicans, which a member of the normal microbiome, sometimes cause disease
because it outcompetes its competitors
237
STIs occur from the sexual transmission of potential pathogens, resulting disease is an STD
238
STDs are common [..]
worldwide
239
young people who experiemnt with sex are at risk
yes, women ages 14-17 due to hormone levels and pH
due to lack of education
240
presence of [..] from STDs is a risk factor for transmission of HIV
lesions
241
STDs can be [..] which can lead to complications
asymptomatic
242
female adolescents are at risk because the cervical lining is prone to bacterial infection which can cause what ?
pelvic inflammatory disease
243
what does prevention for STDs include
- abstinence or mutual monogamy
- condomes must be used properly and consistenly to provide protection
244
what is gonorrhea also called
the clap
245
what are signs and symptoms of gonorrhea
- men experience painful urination and a purulent discharge
- women are often asymptomatic (pelvic inflammatory disease may develop)
246
what is the pathogen that causes gonorrhea
neisseria gonorrhoeae
247
what are neisseria gonorrhoeae's, the pathogen that causes gonorrhea, virulence factors
- fimbriae, capsule, and lipooligosaccharide (endotoxin)
248
what is the gram identity and shape of neisseria gonorrhoeae, the pathogen that causes gonorrhea
a gram-negative cocci
249
can babies become infected by their mothers who have gonorrhea when delivered vaginally
yes
250
in gonorrhea, the bacteria attaches to epithelial cells of what membranes
mucous
251
in gonorrhea can infections outside the reprductive tract occur
yes
252
T/F: gonorrhea occurs only in humans
TRUE
253
T/F: cases of gonorrhea in the united states have been declining
TRUE
254
does the risk increase of obtaining gonorrhea with frequency of sexual encounters
yes
| main cause of blindness in babies
255
how is gonorrhea diagnosed
with genetic probes to diagnose asymptomatic infection
256
how is gonorrhea treated
with ceftriaxone and azithromycin
257
gonorrhea; spread of gonococcal strains resistant to many antimicrobial has complicated treatment
258
how can gonorrhea be prevented
with safe sex practices
259
what are the four phases of syphilis
- primary syphilis
- secondary syphilis
- latent syphilis
- tertiary syphilis
260
what is the pathogen that causes syphilis
treponema pallidum
(lives only in humans)
| virulence factors have been difficult to identify, a spirochete
261
how is syphilis mostly transmitted
how is it sometimes transmitted
sexual contact
from mother to child
(major cause of stillbirth worldwide)
262
most individuals do not develop which pahse of syphilis
tertiary syphilis
263
where does primary syphilis present itself
head of the penis
is a painless lesion
264
secondary syphilis is what
a rash
usually on palms of hand but can spread to other parts of body
265
latent syphilis is when
everything goes away
| scary part; can stay in space for years
266
tertiary syphilis is what
syphilitic gumous
(holes on skin)
267
syphilis occurs [..]
worldwide
268
syphilis is endemic among sex workers, men who have sex with men, and users of illegal drugs
269
what type of test is used to diagnose primary, secondary, and congenital syphilis
which phase is difficult to diagnose
antibody
tertiary
270
how is syphilis treated
how is it prevented
- penicillin G is used to treat all but tertiary syphilis
- prevented with safe sex practices
271
what can primary and secondary syphilis cause
dementia
blindness
wrecks the system
272
what are signs and symptoms of chlamydial infections
- women are usually asymptomatic
- men have painful urination and pus discharge from penis
273
what is the pathogen that causes chlamydial infection
chlamydia trachomatis
273
what are the diseases that chlamydial infections cause
- epididymitis (inflammation of epididymis, testicles)
- orchitis (inflammation of testicle region)
- trachoma (disease of the eye)
- lymphogranuloma venereum (genital lesion, abcess in groin)
274
chlamydia trachomatis;
- all straints but [..] are pathogens of humans
- grown only within [..] inside host cells
- developmental cycle
- ^ [..] bodies are the infective form
- ^ [..] bodies are the reproductive form
one
vesicles
elementary
reticulate
275
chlamydial infection microbes enter the body through what
scrapes or cuts
276
chlamydial infections spread lymphatic system, causing [..]. most common cause of infectious [..] in women
proctitis
fertility
277
adolescent chlamydial infectin increases the risk of what
cervical cancer
278
chlamydial infections can cause corneal damage resulting in what
blindness
279
what is the most common reportable STD in the US
chlamydial infections
280
chlamydial eye infections occur in what types of areas
poor, crowded areas
281
how is chlamydial infections detected
by PCR
282
how is chlamydial infection treated
how is it prevented
treated with antimicrobial drugs
prevented by abstinence or mutual monogamy
283
what are signs and symptoms of genital herpes
small blisters on or around the genitals or rectum
284
what are the pathogens that cause genital herpes
- human herpesvirus 2 causes most cases
- human herpesvirus 1 causes remainder of cases
- virus can become latent in nerve cells
285
herpesvirus kills [..] cells at infection site
[..] may form at sites far initial infection
babies can become infected during birth
epithelial
blisters
286
genital herpes quadruples the risk of what type of infection
HIV
287
how is genital herpes prevented
- circumcised males are at lower risk of infection
- condoms often provide little protection
- infected pregnant women should deliver by C-section
288
how is genital herpes diagnosed
based on characteristic lesions
PCR detection of viral DNA confirms diagnosis
289
how is genital herpes treated
valaciclovir or other antiviral agent can lessen symptoms
290
papillomas, or warts, are growths of skin epithelium
291
where can papillomas, or warts form
face, trunk, hands, feet, elbows, knees, or genitalia
292
large growths of genital warts can cause what
condylomata acuminata (can cause cervical cancer)
293
genital warts are caused by what
human papillomaviruses (HPV)
294
what is the cancer that genital warts cause nearly all of
cervical cancers
295
how are genital warts diagnosed
by presence of warts
296
how are genital warts treated
a variety of methods available to remove warts
297
how are genital warts prevented
vaccine is available against HPV strain associated with cervical cancer
298
what are signs and symptoms of trichomoniasis
- females have vaginal discharge and irritation
- males are typically asymptomatic
299
what is the pathogen that causes trichomoniasis
trichomonas vaginalis
300
how is trichomoniasis primarily trasmitted
via sexual intercourse
301
trichomoniasis is the most common [..] STD in women
curable
302
trichomoniasis increases risk of infection by [..]
HIV
| various virulence factors contribute to disease
303
how is trichomoniasis diagnosed
by presence of trichomonas in clinical samples
304
how is trichomoniasis treated
with a single dose of oral metronidazole or tinidazole
305
how is trichomoniasis prevented
by avoiding sexual intercourse with infected persons
microbiology
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