Insulin is released during eating, tells body to _______ fuel.
- Store
- Glucose–>glycolysis–>pryuvate–>citrate–>FA
- packages into triglycerols, lipid proteins, then adipose tissue
- Glycogen loads up in liver
______ and ______ are two hormones that modulate metabolic pathways.
- Insulin: (secreted by the pancreas) reports on the status of blood glucose
- Leptin: (secreted by the adipocytes) reports on the status of TAG stores
When fasting, you can secrete ________, mobilize fuels since they are low.
- Glucagon
* Gluconeogynsis and glycogenolisis
Effects of Leptin
- Increase in insulin sensitivity (muscle and liver)
- GLUT transporters get glucose into cells, GLUT 4 found in muscle cells, not found on surface, found in vesicles below that are stimulated by insulin
- Stimulations of ß-oxidation of FA
- Inhibition of TAG synthesis
Increase leptin levels _______ appetite.
•Suppress
Appetite stimulators:
- NPY: neuro peptide Y
* AgRP: agouti-related peptide
Appetite suppressors:
- POMC: pro-opimelanocortin
* MSH: (comes from POMC) melanocyte stimulating hormones
RBP4 and resistin are additional hormones adipose secrete
- Makes a resistance of insulin (first step in type II diabetes)
- This is a problem in obese people
Excess insulin can cause leptin resistance
•Inhibition of the signal transduction cascade, don’t need to know all the step on obesity slide
GLP-1 and CCK are appetite suppressors:
- Synthesized in the intestine when lots of food comes in
* Have roles in telling the brain you are full
Type I diabetes
•Autoimmune disease where ß=cell production is low, so insulin production is low
Type II diabetes
•ß-cells not actively dying off, but not working properly
GSIS
- Glucose stiulated insulin secretion, glucose comes in, makes ATP
- Causes K+ to go out of the cell
- Ca to come into cell
- Causes Ca to bring insulin into cell
