final study guide 201-3

Question 1

Functions of Saliva

Answer 1

1. Softens Food
2. Lubricates mouth + throat
3. Has enzymes that break food down
4. Begins Digestion
5. Helps prevent tooth decay

Question 2

Low FSH in men

follicle stimulating hormone

Answer 2

1.  It affects: Growth
                   Puberty
                   Maturation
                   Development of Body
2.  May have low Sperm Count
3.  Associated with Infertility
4.  Decrease in amount of hair + libido

Question 3

Function of Thyroxine

Also known as T4

Answer 3

1. CONTROLS METABOLISM
2. Main metabolic hormone
3. Iodine containing
4. Produced by thyroid gland
5. Regulates many essentials of body’s processes
6. Plays vital role in body’s metabolic rate, heart + digestive function, muscle control, brain development and maintenance of bone
7. Plays a role in energy production, growth and development

Question 4

Functions of Testosterone

STEROID HORMONE MADE BY TESTIS

Answer 4

Responsible for secondary sex characteristics (FACIAL HAIR, MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT, DEEP VOICE) and sperm production

Question 5

Why does your body need vitamins

Answer 5

1. Helps your body with GROWING + HEALING
2. They help fight off GERMS + SICKNESS
3. Good for EYESIGHT + TEETH
4. Boosts IMMUNE SYSTEM
5. Good for STRONG BONES

Question 6

Micturition (urination) is triggered by

Answer 6

The stretching of the bladder wall triggers the urination reflex

Question 7

Male Secondary Sex Characteristics

Answer 7

1. Deeper Voice
2. Body + Facial Hair
3. Stronger Body Odor
4. Hair-In underarms + genital region
5. Adam’s Apple on males
6. Muscle Development

Question 8

Major signs of Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 8

1. The need to URINATE frequently
2. Increased THIRST + FLUID INTAKE
3. Increased APPETITE
4. Fatigue

Question 9

Type 1 Diabetes

Answer 9

High blood glucose levels caused by total 1. LACK OF INSULIN. Occurs when the body’s immune system attacks the
insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas and destroys them.
2. Pancreas then produces little or no insulin.
3. Type 1 usually develops most often in young people

Question 10

Type 2 Diabetes

Answer 10

1. Common form that develops especially in adults and most often in obese individuals
2. Characterized by impaired INSULIN utilization + the body’s inability to compensate with increased insulin production
3. Also called ADULT-ONSET DIABETES

Question 11

3 Tunics of Arteries + Their Functions

Answer 11

1. Tunica Intima–(Inner most layer) Consists of Endothelium. Prevents the adhesion of blood cells to the wall of the vessel and prevents clotting
2. Tunica Media–(middle layer) Contains Smooth Muscle + Elastic Fibers
   Function–The muscle cells contract + relax which allows the vessels to stretch + recoil
3. Tunica Adventitia–(outer serosal layer)
   Made of Connective Tissue. To protect the vessel + anchor it to surrounding structures

Question 12

Structure of Liver

Answer 12

1. The largest internal organ of the body
2. Weighs about 3 pounds
3. Consists of 2 major lobes (Right + Left)
   Minor Lobes

Question 13

Plasma Protein Make Up

Answer 13

Albumin
Fibrinogen
Prothrombin
Gamma Gobulins

Question 14

What causes you to breathe

Answer 14

Main factor is a high concentration of Carbon Dioxide in bloodstream

Question 15

Definition of Arteries + Characteristics

Answer 15

They have very elastic tissue
They are flexible
They have thick + smooth walls
Regulate Blood Flow
Function--Carry oxygenated  blood away from heart
Aorta-Largest artery in body

Question 16

Dalton’s Law–Law of Parietal Pressure

Answer 16

Pressure exerted by a mixture of gases in a fixed volume is equal to the sum of the pressures that each gas would exert if it occupied the whole volume

Question 17

1. The additional amount of sodium bicarbonate that the body produces to maintain normal arterial pH when the carbon dioxide level increases as a result of hypoventilation
2. It is maintained by the kidneys, controls bicarbonate ions in urine

Answer 17

Alkaline Reserve

Question 18

What artery is within the cortex + medulla of the kidney

Answer 18

ARCUATE

Question 19

Functions of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

Answer 19

1. A polypeptide hormone involved in homeostatic control of body water, sodium + adiposity
2. Released by atrial myocytes (muscle cells in Atrial of heart) in response to high blood pressure

Question 20

Define Arteries and Characteristics

Answer 20

Thick, Smooth Walls
Very Elastic Tissue
Carry blood AWAY from heart

Question 21

What determines BMR
(Basic Metabolic Rate)

(The amount of energy in calories that you need to keep body functioning at rest)

Answer 21

1. Body Composition
2. Age
3. Weight
4. Genger
5. Body Surface Area (Greater Surface Area-Higher BMR)
6. Endocrine Glands
7. More Muscle-Higher Rate

Question 22

What happens when you lose the Intrinsic Factor

Answer 22

It leads to:
Anemia
Pernicious Anemia
Neurological Symptoms

Question 23

1. Cells within the testis that supply nutrients to developing spermatozoa
2. Also called Sertoli Cells or Nurse Cells
3. Large cells in the Seminiferous Tubules
4. Main Function-Nourish developing sperm cells through stages of spermatogenesis

Answer 23

Sustentacular Cells

Question 24

Blood flow through Veins controlled how

Answer 24

Veins have one way VALVES prevent back flow of blood

Question 25

Volume of a given mass of an ideal gas is proportional to its temperature as long as its pressure remains constant

Answer 25

Charlie's Law

Question 26

Structure of Pancreas | Function-A large gland that secretes hormones

Answer 26

Structure Located below stomach Develops as 2 separate parts which are fused together Located near 1st part of small intestine (duodenum) Broken into several subsections Head- is near duodenum Body-Largest part--Located in center of gland below stomach Tail--furthest from duodenum

Question 27

Structure of Spleen (Function-Filters blood/ Removes damaged red blood cells_

Answer 27

Structure ``` Organ goes unnoticed by average person Not critical for survival 1/2 the size of human fist Locate below rib cage Purple in color Shaped like a small catchers mitt Contains a lot of blood vessels ```

Question 28

Structure of Stomach Function-Environment for breaking down material or food that you eat (chemically)

Answer 28

Structure ``` Bag-like structure Between esophagus + duodenum On LEFT SIDE of Abdomen Superior part lays against-Diaphragm Cavity Composed of : Fundus Body Antrum ``` ``` Inside composed of Layers Innermost to Outer: 1. Mucosa 2. Submucosa 3. Muscularis Externa 4. Serosa ```

Question 29

Functions of Vagina

Answer 29

1. Childbirth 2. Sexual Intercourse 3. Discharges 4. Passageway for menstrual blood

Question 30

Force pushing Water + Solutes out of blood and across a filtration membrane

Answer 30

Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure

Question 31

Breakdown of food using CHEMICALS such as enzymes

Answer 31

Chemical Digestion

Question 32

Function of Gastric Inhibitor Peptide

Answer 32

1. Enhances Insulin production in response to a high concentration of blood sugar 2. Also, inhibits absorption of water + electrolytes in small intestine 3. Numbers increase in people with: Duodenal Ulcers, Inflammation of Pancreas, Diabetes from Obesity

Question 33

Function of ADH | Antidiuretic Hormone

Answer 33

1. Primary Function--Decrease amount of urine excreted by kidneys 2. Increase water absorbed by kidneys 3. Plays role in regulating the balance of fluids in the body

Question 34

Function of Blood-Testis Barrier

Answer 34

To PREVENT ACTIVATION of | Immune System of male AGAINST the developing sperm

Question 35

Changes In Female when Fertilization Takes Place

Answer 35

1. Production HCG--pregnancy hormone 2. Secrete high levels of Progesterone 3. Development of Placenta 4. Implantation Bleeding 5. Missed Period 6. Increase in Body Temperature 7. Morning Sickness 8. Breast Tenderness 9. Breast Changes 10. Fatigue 11. Headaches 12. Bloating, Cramping, Backache 13. Increase in Urination 14. Changes in Cervical Mucous

Question 36

Delivery of Placenta

Answer 36

After delivery uterus continues to contract + placent detaches from the uterine wall (not painful) You push + deliver the placenta Normally happens after the birth Looks like a piece of liver Then you have a gush of blood and small clots that follow May take a few minutes or up to hour Called 3rd Stage Labor If does not come out may have to be delivered manually

Question 37

Effectiveness of Absorption in Small Intestine

Answer 37

90% of absorption occurs | Good for absorption because it has large inner surface area

Question 38

Stages of Labor

Answer 38

1st STAGE-When you start having contractions + ends when cervix if fully dialeted This Stage is divided into 2 phases: Early Labor--Cervix gradually effaces (thins out) + dilates (opens) Active Labor--Cervix dilates more rapidly , contractions stronger + closer together Last part of active labor called-Transition First Stage--LASTS THE LONGEST 2nd STAGE--Begins when fully dilated + ends with Birth of Baby "PUSHING STAGE" MOST PAINFUL + INTENSE 3rd STAGE--Begins after birth Ends with Delivery of Placenta

Question 39

Action of Complement Proteins

Answer 39

Produced by Liver Cells, in tissue, and by macrphages They become active when the 1st protein in the pathway is turned on, then following complement proteins are called into action with each protein turning on the next one in line When the 1st of compliment substances is triggered it usually by an antibody--it sets in motion a ripple effect They cause the cells to burst + signal phagocytes that a cell needs to be removed

Question 40

Flow of Lymph Fluid | Drainage System

Answer 40

An extensive Drainage System that returns water + proteins from various tissues back to the blood Wherever there are blood vessels there are lymph vessels Entire Lymphatic System flows toward the blood stream If there was no way for excess fluids to return to blood our body tissues would become swollen Lymphatic System also helps defend against invasion by disease causing agents