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finalss Flashcards

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1
Q

How many US adults are estimated to be affected by MS

A

1 million

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2
Q

What age range does the onset of MS usually occur

A

20 to 50 years

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3
Q

Which gender is affected by MS at a rate 2 to 3 times greater

A

Women

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4
Q

What is the primary pathophysiology of Multiple Sclerosis

A

Demyelination of the central nervous system

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5
Q

Which immune cells initiate the response against myelin in MS

A

Autoreactive T cells

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6
Q

What is the most common disease course of MS

A

Relapsing remitting MS

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7
Q

Which MS course involves continuous progression from onset without plateaus

A

Primary progressive MS

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8
Q

What is the definition of Uhthoff’s phenomenon in MS context

A

Worsening of symptoms due to heat elevation

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9
Q

Which exercise testing mode is recommended for MS patients with balance issues

A

Cycle ergometer

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10
Q

Why should exercise testing for MS patients be performed earlier in the day

A

Fatigue generally worsens throughout the day

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11
Q

What scale should be used alongside HR to monitor intensity in MS patients

A

RPE scale

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12
Q

What is the most common motor disability in childhood

A

Cerebral palsy

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13
Q

What is the most common type of motor abnormality in CP patients

A

Spasticity

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14
Q

Which classification system describes functional mobility in CP patients

A

Gross Motor Function Classification System

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15
Q

What scale is used to measure spasticity in CP patients

A

Ashworth Scale

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16
Q

What HR threshold indicates maximal exertion during shuttle tests for CP patients

A

Greater than 180 beats per minute

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17
Q

Why might single-joint exercises be preferred for severe CP patients

A

To prevent compensation by other muscle groups

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18
Q

What GFR level indicates chronic kidney disease

A

Less than 60 mL per minute

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19
Q

What is the repetition maximum recommendation for strength testing in kidney disease

A

3-RM or higher

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20
Q

Why is 1-RM testing generally contraindicated for kidney disease patients

A

Risk of spontaneous avulsion fractures

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21
Q

When should exercise testing be performed for patients on maintenance hemodialysis

A

On nondialysis days

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22
Q

Which arm should be used for BP monitoring in hemodialysis patients

A

The arm without the arteriovenous fistula

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23
Q

What is the recommended initial work-to-rest ratio for CKD patients

A

1:1 ratio

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24
Q

How long should a patient wait to exercise after a dialysis treatment

A

2 hours

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25
What exercise intensity range is initially recommended for CKD patients
Light intensity or 30-39% VO2R
26
What is the primary drug class used for relapsing forms of MS
Disease-modifying therapies (DMTs)
27
What water temperature should be avoided during aquatic exercise for MS patients
Greater than 85°F (29.4°C)
28
What type of exercise is especially beneficial for managing spasticity in MS
Stretching and flexibility training
29
What is Lhermitte’s sign in MS
An electric shock sensation down the spine upon neck flexion
30
A toe-walking gait pattern in CP due to plantarflexor hypertonia is called
Equinus gait
31
Which secondary condition is a major concern for non-ambulatory CP patients
Osteoporosis
32
What term describes stiff muscles and exaggerated reflexes in CP
Spasticity
33
Why should exercise in severe CP be monitored for rhabdomyolysis
Due to potential muscle damage from intense exercise
34
What common symptom of CKD is caused by decreased erythropoietin production
Anemia
35
What is the most common cause of death in patients with ESRD
Cardiovascular disease
36
What type of dialysis is typically performed at home overnight
Peritoneal dialysis
37
What is the recommended frequency for aerobic exercise in CKD patients
3 to 5 days per week
38
What is a common contraindication for resistance training in CKD
Active infection or severe anemia
39
What is the maximum initial intensity for resistance exercise in CKD patients
60 to 70% of 1-RM
40
What is the name for the protein/calorie malnutrition and inflammation seen in CKD
Protein-energy wasting (PEW)
41
What are the four main types of MS disease courses
Relapsing-remitting
42
What is the primary goal of exercise in MS patients
To maintain or improve functional capacity and quality of life
43
What is the effect of exercise on nerve signal conduction in MS
It may improve the efficiency of nerve impulse transmission
44
What is the appropriate RPE range for aerobic exercise in MS patients
11 to 14 (light to somewhat hard)
45
What is the main pharmacological treatment for spasticity in CP
Baclofen
46
What is the expected maximum heart rate response in severe CP patients
It may be lower due to muscle mass and mobility limitations
47
Why is swimming often an ideal exercise for CP patients
Provides buoyancy and reduces weight-bearing stress
48
What is the recommended number of sets and repetitions for resistance training in CP
1-3 sets of 8-12 repetitions
49
What is the definition of end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
Kidney failure requiring dialysis or transplantation
50
What is the recommended fluid intake for patients with ESRD on dialysis
Highly restricted to prevent fluid overload
51
What is the most common musculoskeletal problem in CKD
Renal osteodystrophy (bone disease)
52
What is the key consideration for exercise prescription in post-transplant patients
Managing immunosuppressant side effects like weight gain
53
How does exercise benefit the cardiovascular health of CKD patients
It can improve endothelial function and reduce inflammation
54
What is the initial duration recommendation for aerobic exercise in CKD
10 to 20 minutes
55
What is the recommended rest period between resistance training sets for CKD patients
1 to 2 minutes
56
What neurological deficits are characteristic of MS
Sensory
57
Which MS type transitions from relapsing-remitting to steadily worsening
Secondary progressive MS
58
What common symptom of MS makes exercise challenging due to heat sensitivity
Uhthoff’s phenomenon
59
What is the primary contraindication for exercise in an MS patient
Acute relapse or flare-up of symptoms
60
What is the underlying cause of cerebral palsy (CP)
Non-progressive lesions in the developing brain
61
How is CP classified
By the type of motor disturbance and the body parts affected
62
Which type of CP is characterized by slow
writhing movements
63
What specific exercise modality can help improve balance and gait in ambulatory CP
Treadmill training with partial body weight support
64
What is the major long-term risk associated with uncontrolled hypertension in CKD
Progression of kidney failure
65
What is the primary function of the kidneys lost in CKD
Regulation of fluid
66
What is the recommended mode of aerobic exercise for CKD patients
Walking
67
How can resistance training help CKD patients combat muscle wasting
By stimulating muscle protein synthesis
68
What duration of warm-up and cool-down is recommended for CKD patients
5 to 10 minutes each
69
When performing resistance training
what is a crucial safety measure for CKD patients
70
What is the definition of a clinical attack or relapse in MS
New or worsening neurological symptoms lasting at least 24 hours
71
What is the benefit of inspiratory muscle training in CP patients
To improve respiratory function and strength
72
Why is managing comorbid depression important in CKD
It impacts adherence to treatment and quality of life
73
What is the general relationship between CP severity and exercise capacity
More severe CP is associated with lower exercise capacity
74
What is the appropriate target HR range for exercise in MS patients
Should be guided by RPE
75
What is the primary intervention for acute relapses in MS
High-dose corticosteroids
76
Why is fall prevention a major focus in exercise prescription for MS
Due to balance and gait instability
77
What neurological deficits are characteristic of MS
Sensory
78
Which MS type transitions from relapsing-remitting to steadily worsening
Secondary progressive MS
79
What common symptom of MS makes exercise challenging due to heat sensitivity
Uhthoff’s phenomenon
80
What is the primary contraindication for exercise in an MS patient
Acute relapse or flare-up of symptoms
81
What is the underlying cause of cerebral palsy (CP)
Non-progressive lesions in the developing brain
82
How is CP classified
By the type of motor disturbance and the body parts affected
83
Which type of CP is characterized by slow
writhing movements
84
What specific exercise modality can help improve balance and gait in ambulatory CP
Treadmill training with partial body weight support
85
What is the major long-term risk associated with uncontrolled hypertension in CKD
Progression of kidney failure
86
What is the primary function of the kidneys lost in CKD
Regulation of fluid
87
What is the recommended mode of aerobic exercise for CKD patients
Walking
88
How can resistance training help CKD patients combat muscle wasting
By stimulating muscle protein synthesis
89
What duration of warm-up and cool-down is recommended for CKD patients
5 to 10 minutes each
90
When performing resistance training
what is a crucial safety measure for CKD patients
91
What is the definition of a clinical attack or relapse in MS
New or worsening neurological symptoms lasting at least 24 hours
92
What is the benefit of inspiratory muscle training in CP patients
To improve respiratory function and strength
93
Why is managing comorbid depression important in CKD
It impacts adherence to treatment and quality of life
94
What is the general relationship between CP severity and exercise capacity
More severe CP is associated with lower exercise capacity
95
What is the appropriate target HR range for exercise in MS patients
Should be guided by RPE
96
What is the primary intervention for acute relapses in MS
High-dose corticosteroids
97
Why is fall prevention a major focus in exercise prescription for MS
Due to balance and gait instability
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