exsc 433 > testtt > Flashcards

testtt Flashcards

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1
Q

amenorrhea primary

A

absence of menstrual cycles by age 15 in previously non-menstruating girls even when other normal post-pubertal development is present

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2
Q

amenorrhea secondary

A

when menstrual bleeding has not occurred for at least 3-6 consecutive menstrual cycles in women who have already had at least one previous menstruation

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3
Q

possible causes for amenorrhea

A

low body weight or fat; intense training before menarche; increased psychological stress; low energy availability

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4
Q

osteoporosis

A

a decrease in bone density that enhances bone fragility and increases the risk of fractures

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5
Q

how can exercise affect osteoporosis

A

mechanical loading effect of exercise training on BMD may be considered a protective factor

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6
Q

dysmenorrhea

A

painful menstruation without pelvic abnormalities; symptoms include vomiting

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7
Q

how does a female’s thermoregulatory response differ

A

more body fat; lower physical fitness level; higher skin and core temperature; higher HR; lower sweat rate; beneficial in cold; detrimental in heat

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8
Q

FITT principle for pregnant women

A

F: 3-4 d/wk; I: moderate intensity (40-60% VO2R; 12-14 RPE) for BMI<25

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9
Q

reasons for modification/termination of exercise for pregnant women

A

calf pain/swelling; chest pain or weakness; decreased fetal movement; vaginal bleeding; dyspnea at rest

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10
Q

special considerations for pregnant women

A

gradually increase activity if previously sedentary; consult physician if obese or with gestational diabetes/hypertension; avoid contact sports

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11
Q

why do females have an increased risk for knee injuries

A

greater pelvic width; increased tibial rotation; knee instability; increased Q angle; weaker quadriceps muscles; hormonal changes

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12
Q

how is depression diagnosed

A

what symptoms must be present

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13
Q

cognitive behavioral therapy

A

treatment focusing on modifying maladaptive thoughts and addressing behavioral deficits that maintain depression

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14
Q

special considerations for depression

A

symptoms may interfere with exercise; recognize comorbidities; can affect chronic disease; associated with unhealthy lifestyle behaviors

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15
Q

FITT principle for depression

A

F: 5x/week; I: 60-75% HRR; T: 40-60 min; T: gross motor activities such as walking or biking

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16
Q

how does depression affect adherence

A

depression is associated with decreased adherence

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17
Q

recommendations for adherence

A

expect nonadherence; avoid judgment or blame; treat as learning opportunity; know depression symptoms and treatment options; express warmth while maintaining boundaries

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18
Q

diabetes

A

group of metabolic diseases with inability to produce sufficient insulin or use it properly resulting in hyperglycemia

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19
Q

insulin

A

hormone from pancreatic beta cells required by fat

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20
Q

hyperglycemia

A

high blood glucose; risk for vascular disease and neuropathies

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21
Q

symptoms of diabetes

A

polydipsia (excessive thirst); polyuria (excessive urine); unexplained weight loss; slow-healing infections/cuts; blurry vision; fatigue; polyphagia (excessive eating)

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22
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

immune-mediated; destruction of pancreatic beta cells; occurs in childhood/adolescence; 5-10% of diabetics; ketoacidosis possible; insulin required

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23
Q

PICK 1

A

P: pancreas no insulin; I: insulin required; C: childhood; K: ketoacidosis; 1: type 1

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24
Q

GARROT

A

G: genetics; A: adults; R: resistance to insulin; R: risk factors (SHADO: sedentary

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25
type 2 diabetes
formerly adult-onset or non-insulin-dependent; insulin resistance; usually after 40; 90-95% of diabetics; genetic + obesity components; risk: genetics
26
acute complications associated with diabetes
hyperglycemia (>126 mg/dL); hypoglycemia (<70 mg/dL); ketoacidosis (type 1); hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome (type 2)
27
ketoacidosis
ketones form due to fat metabolism when insulin absent; exercise contraindicated
28
hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome
severe dehydration due to excessive urination; decreased mentation/possible coma; exercise contraindicated
29
chronic complications associated with diabetes
macrovascular; microvascular; peripheral and autonomic neuropathy
30
diagnostic criteria for normal
fasting plasma glucose <100 mg/dL
31
diagnostic criteria for prediabetes
impaired fasting glucose FBG=100-125 mg/dL; impaired glucose tolerance 2-hr plasma glucose=140-199 mg/dL
32
diagnostic criteria for diabetes
FPG ≥126 mg/dL; symptoms + casual plasma glucose ≥200 mg/dL; A1C ≥6.5%
33
diagnostic criteria for gestational DM
blood glucose at 1
34
diabetes treatment focuses on
intensive lifestyle modification (exercise
35
insulin secretagogues
increase insulin secretion
36
types of insulin secretagogues
sulfonylureas; glinides; meglitinides
37
a-glucosidase inhibitors
decrease hepatic glucose production; insulin sensitizer; therapy of choice for overweight/obese
38
mode of a-glucosidase inhibitors
reduce rate of digestion of carbohydrates in small intestine
39
types of a-glucosidase
acarbose; myglitol; voglibose
40
radionuclide stress test
radioisotope injected and taken up by myocardium to assess perfusion
41
stress echocardiography
ultrasound used to assess heart wall motion
42
autonomic neuropathy
damage to nerves regulating BP
43
peripheral neuropathy
nerve damage causing sensory dysfunction
44
chronotropic incompetence
inability of sinus node to increase HR with stress; HR doesn’t exceed 100 bpm under extreme exercise
45
anhydrosis
partial or total inability to sweat
46
FITT principle for diabetes
F: aerobic 3-7 d/wk
47
common symptoms of hypoglycemia with exercise
shakiness
48
autonomic neuropathy may cause
chronotropic incompetence
49
underweight BMI
<18.5
50
normal BMI
18.5-24
51
overweight BMI
25-29
52
class 1 BMI
30-34
53
class 2 BMI
35-39
54
class 3 BMI
>40
55
treatments for diabetes
behavioral weight loss programs (diet
56
behavioral therapy includes
accountability; problem solving; skill building; record keeping/review; stimulus control; discourage unhealthy eating; increase intentional exercise; address emotional issues; cognitive restructuring; nutrition education/planning
57
appetite suppressants
decrease appetite; some inhibit reuptake of norepinephrine/serotonin; may increase HR/BP
58
example of appetite suppressant
phentermine
59
lipase inhibitors
cause malabsorption of fat
60
acute exercise responses in overweight/obese
sig load on weight-bearing joints/spine; impaired thermoregulation
61
chronic exercise responses in overweight/obese
little effect on body weight; important for sustaining weight loss; affects fat distribution; positive effects on glucose metabolism; effects on metabolism not well established
62
FITT principle for overweight/obesity
F: ≥5 d/wk; I: moderate 40-<60% initially → vigorous >59%; T: 30-60 min/day
63
special considerations for overweight/obesity
more PA may be needed to sustain weight loss (60-90 min/day); PA 5-7 d/wk; can accumulate via 10 min bouts; resistance addition does not prevent FFM loss or decrease in resting energy expenditure
64
hyperlipidemia
elevated fasting blood triglyceride or cholesterol
65
dyslipidemia
abnormal blood levels of triglycerides and/or cholesterol-carrying lipoproteins
66
risk factors for hyperlipidemia/dyslipidemia
gender
67
types of lipoproteins
chylomicron; very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL); LDL; HDL
68
chylomicron
synthesized from intestinal absorption of fat
69
very low-density lipoprotein
synthesized in liver; transports triglycerides
70
LDL
primary carrier of cholesterol
71
HDL
takes up free cholesterol and transports it back to liver (cardioprotective)
72
atherosclerotic process
occurs mainly in large/medium arteries; endothelial injury → increased permeability
73
hypercholesterolemia
blood cholesterol >199 mg/dL
74
hypertriglyceridemia
elevated fasting triglycerides
75
hyperlipoproteinemia
elevated lipoprotein class
76
hypolipoproteinemia
low lipoprotein concentrations
77
optimal LDL cholesterol
<100 mg/dL
78
desirable total cholesterol
<200 mg/dL
79
low HDL cholesterol
<40 mg/dL
80
high HDL cholesterol
≥60 mg/dL
81
normal triglyceride levels
<150 mg/dL
82
low risk levels for hyperlipidemia/dyslipidemia
no known CHD or CHD risk factors
83
moderate risk levels for hyperlipidemia/dyslipidemia
no CHD but high cholesterol + other CHD risk factors
84
high risk levels for hyperlipidemia/dyslipidemia
persons with CHD
exsc 433
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