Fungus

Question 1

T/F fungi are considered a type of plant

Answer 1

FALSE.
they are neither plant or animal

Question 2

how do fungi resemble plants

Answer 2

nonmotile
have a cell wall

Question 3

why can fungi not undergo photosynthesis? how do they get nutrients?

Answer 3

-they dont have chlorophyll
-use absorptive nutrition(secrete enzymes to breakdown nutrients, then absorb it

Question 4

what is mycology

Answer 4

the study of fungus

Question 5

how does fungi reproduce

Answer 5

sexually or asexually

Question 6

where are most fungi found

Answer 6

terestrially(on ground)

Question 7

what does saprophytic mean? what percent of fungus are saprophytic?

Answer 7

-surviving off dead tissues
-70%

Question 8

what percent of fungi are pathogenic

Answer 8

30%

Question 9

what is the cellular organization of most fungus

Answer 9

unicellular or colonial

Question 10

2 groups of fungus

Answer 10

-Macroscopic: mushrooms, puffballs
-Microscopic: yeast, mold

Question 11

characteristics of yeast

Answer 11

-large
-smooth oval shape
-asexual reproduction
-some form pseudohyphae

Question 12

what does psuedohyphae mean

Answer 12

chains of budding daughter cells

Question 13

characteristics of mold

Answer 13

-made of hyphae filaments(threadlike, long, tubular) which makes it look fuzzy

Question 14

explain what dimorphic means

Answer 14

some fungi can exist in either morphology(yeast or mold) based on environmental conditions

Question 15

characteristics of yeast colonies

Answer 15

similar to bacterial colonies, but larger
-smooth and uniform

Question 16

characteristics of mold colonies

Answer 16

cotton/velvety texture

Question 17

what is mycelium

Answer 17

intertwining mass of hyphae that makes up the colony of mold

Question 18

structures of hyphae and what they mean

Answer 18

-Nonseptate: one long continuous cell(no cell walls separating it), allows for free passage of cytoplasm and organelles, each hyphae has several nuclei

-Septate: cells separated by partial walls: allows flow of some organelles and nutrients(only small molecules can get through)

Question 19

how are hyphae classified

Answer 19

by function
-Vegetative(nutrient absorption)
-Arial(Reproduction)

Question 20

characteristics of vegetative hyphae

Answer 20

-penetrates the substrate
-uptakes digestive molecules
-digests and absorbs nutrients

Question 21

Characteristics of arial hyphae

Answer 21

-oriented vertically
-produce spores

Question 22

purpose of spores in fungus

Answer 22

-dissemination for production and survival
-genetic variation from sexual reproduction

Question 23

how are spores dispersed

Answer 23

air
water
living things

Question 24

how are fungi classified

Answer 24

their spores and spore structures(and other reproductive structures)

Question 25

how do mushrooms disperse their spores

Answer 25

builds pressure inside, then bursts

Question 26

mycorrhizae definition

Answer 26

beneficial fungi associated with plant roots(help make water and nutrients more avalible)

Question 27

what are parasitic fungi

Answer 27

use the bodies of living animals or plants

Question 28

fungi plant diseases

Answer 28

wilts mildews blights rusts smuts

Question 29

example of using fungal diseases for human benefit

Answer 29

Huitlachoche-mexican delicacy

Question 30

what area do cutaneous mycoses affect

Answer 30

hair, skin, and nails

Question 31

most common fungal diseases in humans? what fungal species do they stem from>

Answer 31

Tineas(ringworm) -trichophyton species

Question 32

what are candida albicans

Answer 32

nosocomial pathogens (healthcare acquired infections) -they don't normally cause disease(part of normal flora) unless immune suppressed or on antibiotics

Question 33

why do antibiotics increase risk of C. albicans

Answer 33

bacteria suppresses C. albicans growth

Question 34

what is thrush? who does it normally affect?

Answer 34

Oral candidiasis infects neonates during birth and the dying

Question 35

where are C. albicans found

Answer 35

GI tract mouth vagina

Question 36

how dos lactobacillus sp. decrease risk of candidal vaginitis

Answer 36

it decreases pH which inhibits yeast growth

Question 37

what is systematic candidiasis

Answer 37

thrush in immunocompromised

Question 38

what percent of women get yeast infections during 3rd trimester

Answer 38

90%

Question 39

what are mycotoxins

Answer 39

toxins produced by fungi

Question 40

what are aflatoxins produced by? what do they do?

Answer 40

-produced by aspergillus flavus -toxic and cacogenic to humans and animals

Question 41

what toxins are the most potent carcinogens discovered

Answer 41

alfatoxins

Question 42

how can you verify something is a fungus? why does it work?

Answer 42

-UV light, fungus will fluores

Question 43

what is Claviceps purpura

Answer 43

fungi that forms ergot toxin in rye and wheat

Question 44

symptoms of ergotism

Answer 44

gangrene psychotic delusions nervous spasms abortion convulsions

Question 45

T/F most US strains of rye and wheat are genetically resistant to ergot fungus

Answer 45

TRUE

Question 46

what fungal disease was known as St. Anthony's Fire? why?

Answer 46

Ergotism. when it caused gangrene the skin felt like it was on fire

Question 47

what toxin is thought to have played a role in the Salem witch trials

Answer 47

ergotism

Question 48

what is the active ingredient of the ergot toxin

Answer 48

lysergic acid(LSD)

Question 49

uses of ergot in controlled doses

Answer 49

induce labor lower blood pressure therapy ease migranes

Question 50

scientific name for sick building syndrome

Answer 50

Stachybotrys

Question 51

what illness does stachybotrys cause? what is an example of a toxin?

Answer 51

Causes: asthma/respiratory issues Ex. Tricothecenes

Question 52

what industrial process is fungi(particularly yeast) used in?

Answer 52

fermentation

Question 53

what type of chemotherapy is antibiotics

Answer 53

Type II

Question 54

T/F fungi are the only microorganisms that can act as antibiotics

Answer 54

FALSE. bacteria can be antibiotics as well