Microbiology > Prokaryotes > Flashcards

Prokaryotes Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

what are histones? what kind of cell are they found in

A

small proteins that DNA wraps around(keeps DNA neat and turns off genes)
found in ONLY eukaryotic cells

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2
Q

what is the cell wall of bacteria made of

A

peptidoglycan

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3
Q

how do prokaryotes reproduce

A

binary fission

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4
Q

main shapes of bacteria

A

Cocci: spheres
Bacilli: rods
Spirochete

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5
Q

sub shapes of Cocci

A

Streptococci: chains of spheres
Staphylococci: grape clusters

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6
Q

sub shapes of bacilli

A

chains
coccobacilli: short chains
vibrio: curved rod

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7
Q

what makes nucleoids different from a nucleus

A

nucleoids have no membrane and therefore can not be considered an organelle

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8
Q

T/F bacteria have more complex cell membranes than eukaryotes. Why/why not?

A

TRUE. since they have no organelles prokaryote membranes perform more functions than eukaryotic

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9
Q

functions of prokaryotic membrane proteins

A

enzymes
part of ETC
carriers
channels
receptors
sensors

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10
Q

what percent of the proteins in the lipid bilayer is peripheral proteins

A

20-30%
(the other 70-80% is integral proteins)

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11
Q

where is the ETC found in bacteria

A

in the cell membrane

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12
Q

what is the use of sterols in the membrane?

A

provide structure and stability

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13
Q

T/F sterols are not found in prokaryotic membranes

A

TRUE. they have sterol like structures called hapanoids

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14
Q

what bodies(for what tasks) are found in the cell membrane

A

transport systems
Enzymes(ATP production)
photosynthetic apparatus
environmental sensors

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15
Q

what is the cytoplasm? what does it contain?

A

substance inside plasma membrane
-70% water
-chromosomes, ribosomes, inclusion bodies, and plasmids

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16
Q

function of inclusion bodies

A

store things like carbon, nitrogen, etc. without ruining osmotic pressure

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17
Q

function of plasmids

A

extra pieces of circular DNA that can give extra functions to the cell

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18
Q

T/F bacteria dont have a cell wall

A

FALSE. all bacteria aside from micoplasms have a cell wall

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19
Q

what type of bacteria has no cell wall? why? what is an example of a health important one?

A

micoplasms, they live inside of eukaryotic cells
EX: mycobacterium tuberculum

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20
Q

what are ribosomes made of? what is there job?

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A

rRNA and proteins
they synthesize proteins

21
Q

size of ribosomal subunits and total size

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A

Prokaryotes:
-small: 30S
-large: 50S
-combined: 70S

Eukaryote: add 10S to each number

22
Q

what type of osmotic environment do bacteria live in

23
Q

what are magnetosomes? what is their function?

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A

iron oxide that act as a compass for the cell

24
Q

what are gas vacuoles? what is their function?

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A

protein covered cylinders that orient cell in the environment

25
how do polysaccharide granules/lipid inclusions lower osmotic stress
they group things together so water doesn't need to flow in/out of the cell to maintain osmotic homeostasis
26
what example of granules was discussed in class(acted as a replacement for plastic)? how did it work?
PHB it had similar properties to plastic but was biodegradeable
27
T/F plasmids inhabit the chromosome and rely of it to replicate
FALSE. they are autonomous of the chromosome
28
how to plasmids help bacteria
they give the bacteria ability to make new proteins which can increase their survivability and virulence by giving them new metabolic properties
29
2 types of gram stains? how are they different?
Gram+: stains purple, thick cell wall, 1 periplasmic space Gram-:stains pink/red, thin cell wall, outer membrane + cell membrane = 2 periplasmic spaces
30
why is the cell wall of gram+ bacteria thicker than that of gram-
gram+ bacteria has teichoic acid in its cell wall whereas gram- does not
31
3 sections of the flagella and what they do
Filament-extends from the cell Hook-short curved rod that allows filament to rotate Basal Body-what anchors the hook to the cell
32
how many rings do gram+ and gram- have in their basal bodies
gram-: 4 rings gram+: 2 rings
33
periplasm
gel that fills the periplasmic space
34
what is found within the periplasm
nutrients water cell wall components proteins and enzymes possibly contains virulence factors
35
what virulence factors may be found in the periplasmic space
Collagenases: break down collagen Hyaluronidases: break down hyaluronic acid Proteases: break down proteins Penicillinases: break down various antibiotics
36
what enzyme found in human fluids can break down peptidoglycan
lysozyme
37
functions of bacterial cell wall
maintains shape anchors flagella houses some virulence factors
38
structure of peptidoglycan
alternating NAG-NAM connected with B1-4 linkages
39
how does lysozyme attack the cell wall
it cuts B1-4 linkages
40
how does penicillin attack the cell wall
disrupts peptide crosslinks
41
why is penicillin ineffective on gram- cells
it cant get through the outer membrane to attack the cell wall
42
function of techoic acid
-associates with NAM(helps CW associate with CM) -regulate movement of cations -serve as attachment site for bacteriophages -stabilize cell structure
43
overall charge of both gram- and gram+ bacteria
negative
44
3 main parts of lipopolysaccharides
-polysaccharide antigen -core polysaccharide -Lipid A(toxic portion)
45
where are lipopolysaccharides found
in the outer membrane of gram- bacteria
46
T/F lipid A is required for cell viability in all gram- cells
TRUE
47
what is the purpose of porins? where are they found?
allows water and small molecules to pass through, found in gram- cells
48
T/F gram+ have a more complex cell wall due to its thickness
FALSE. gram- has more complex cell wall
49
4 phases of the gram stain and what they do
1. crystal violet: Mordant, stain sticks to cell wall and stains both cell types 2. grams iodine: intensifier, increases gram+ ability to hold dye 3. alcohol: destains gram- 4. safranin: pink dye that colors gram- cells
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