Sterilization definition
process that destroys all viable microbes, can only be used on inanimate objects
Disinfection definition
physical/chemical process to destroy vegetative pathogens(not endospores), can only be used on inanimate objects
Antiseptic definition
disinfectants applied directly to exposed body surfaces
sepsis definition
growth of microbes in blood or other tissue
degerming(debriding) definition
removing microbes from a limited area(such as a wound)
Sanitation definition
mechanically lowering microbial counts on objects(typically dishware)
Cidal vs Static
Cidal: kills microbes
Static: inhibits/removes microbes
why might you use something bacteriostatic over a bacteriocidal
the bacteriocidal may be too toxic to patients
factors effecting death rate of microbes
-Number of microbes
-Microbial characteristics
-Environmental factors
-Concentration of agent
-Duration of action of agent
-Presence of solvents or inhibitors
environmental factors that effect death rate
high/low pH
change in temp
increase in water
how does concentration of clenser effect death rate? what are the exceptions? why?
increased concentration increases death rate
-Bleach and alcohol need to be diluted since they are too hydrophobic, adding water helps them enter the cells
why is alcohol not active for very long
evaporation
how might solvents/organic matter/inhibitors effect death rate
-dirt/blood/other organics are a physical barrier
-blood contains many enzymes that may break down the agent
(EX. catalase breaks down H2O2)
general order of microbial resistance in order of least to most
enveloped viruses
gram+
naked viruses
fungi
gram-
mycobacteria
endospore bacteria
prions
what cleanser is fairly effective against endospores and mycobacteria? what are its drawbacks?
Bleach/chlorines
-its an environmental estrogen
type I vs type II chemotherapy
Type I: made from things found in nature(often stains/dyes)
Type II: made by microbes(antimicrobials)
what is selective toxicity
ability to kill harmful microbes without damaging the host
what characteristic of an ideal drug is hardest to maintain long term
doesn’t lead to antimicrobial resistance
what is one of the most broad spectrum categories of antimicrobials
tetracyclines
when would you want to use a broad spectrum antimicrobic drug over a narrow spectrum one?
if patient may die before diagnoses could be completed
what is the wobble effect
Redundancy. change in the 3rd position of a codon often doesnt effect the AA that is coded for
how much of the bacterial cells energy use for protein synthesis
80-90%
3 steps of translation
-Initiation: all steps before 1st peptide bond
-Elongation: 1st peptide bond to last peptide bond
-Termination: all reactions after last peptide bond
why are prokaryotic cells much faster at cellular division than eukaryotes
prokaryotes often start translation while transcription is still being done,
Eukaryotes can not do this bc transcription and translation do not occur in the same place in the cell
