PSYC 355 > General Knowledge > Flashcards

General Knowledge Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

semantic memory

A

includes general knowledge, lexical or language knowledge, conceptual knowledge

(influences most of our cognitive abilities)

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2
Q

Category

A

a set of objects that belong together

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3
Q

concept

A

mental representation of a category

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4
Q

situated cognition approach

A

we make use of info in the immediate environment or situation

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5
Q

prototype

A

the item that is the best most typical example of a category (ideal representative)

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6
Q

prototype approach

A

know what items belong in which categories by comparing them with prototype

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7
Q

prototypicality

A

the degree to which something represents its category

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8
Q

graded structure

A

begin at most prototypical and continue on to least prototypical

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9
Q

what are the characteristics of prototypes

A
  1. examples of a category
  2. judged more quickly than non-prototypes after semantic priming
  3. share attributes in a family resemblence category
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10
Q

typicality effect

A

when people judge prototypical items faster than non-prototypical

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11
Q

semantic priming

A

people respond faster ot an item if it was preceded by an item with similar meaning

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12
Q

what does priming with a non-prototypical semantic primer do?

A

creates slowe response time

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13
Q

family resemblance

A

no single attribute is shared by all examples of a concept, but each example has at least one attribute in common with some other example of the concept

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14
Q

superordinate level categories

A

higher-level more general categories (fruit, mammals, etc)

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15
Q

basic level categories

A

moderately specific (apple, bear)

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16
Q

subordinate-level categories

A

lower-level or more specific categories (granny smith apple, grizzly bear)

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17
Q

what special privileges do basic-lvel categories have?

A
  1. identify objects (pen, backpack, cake)
  2. more likely ot produce semantic priming
  3. different levels of catgorization activate different regions of the brain
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18
Q

what area of the brain is activated with superordinate category?

A

prefrontal cortex

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19
Q

what area of the brain is activated with subordinate category

A

parietal lobe

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20
Q

what are 2 conclusions to be found from the prototype approach

A

concepts are unstable and variable depending on context
we also store info beyond prototypes so have to account for that

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21
Q

Exemplar approach

A

first learn about specific examples of a concept, then classify each new stimulus by deciding how closely it resembles all these specific examples

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22
Q

exemplar

A

each example stored in memory (dogs are related to dogs you’ve seen before)

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23
Q

what is exemplar approach helpful for and not helpful for

Study These Flashcards
A

helpful for smaller categories, but can overwhelm semantic memory for broader categories

24
Q

which hemispheres store prototypes and exemplars

Study These Flashcards
A

prototype=left hemisphere
exemplar=right hemisphere

25
Network model
network style of organization of concepts in memory with numerous interconnections
26
node
one unit located within the network
27
spreading activation
activation of one node expands or spreads from that node to connected nodes
28
ACT-R (adaptive control of thought- rational)
attempts to account for human performance on a wide variety of tasks
29
declarative knowledge
knowledge about facts or things
30
propositional network
a pattern of interconnected propositions
31
proposition
the smallest unit of knowledge that people can judge to be either true or false
32
neurons that wire together fire together
links between nodes become stronger as they are used more often
33
Parrallel distributed Processing approach
cognitive processes can be represented by a model in which activation flows through networks that link together a large number of simple neuronlike units
34
what are the 4 characteristics of the parallel distributed processing approach
1. simultaneous 2. network= connected nodes 3. spreading activation 4. context influences meaning
35
spontaneous generalization
using individual cases to draw inferences about general information (general category)
36
default assignment
best guess based on information from other similar objects or people (specific member of category)
37
What are 4 qualities of parallel distributed processing approach
1. connections weighted (determines how much activation can pass between units) 2. activation resembles excitation and inhibition of neurons in the brain 3. new experiences change the weights 4. graceful degradatoin
38
graceful degradation
ability to provide partial memory
39
Schema
generalized, well-integrated knowledge about a situation, event, or a person
40
script
a simple well-structured sequence of events that usually occur in a specified orderl
41
life-script
a list of events that a person beleives would be most important throughout his or her lifetime (milestones)
42
script priming
better recall if script is clearly identified in advance
43
what does the office memory test tell us about schemas
recall office schema items when in office for short time and can even recall things that weren't there more likely to recall schema-inconsistent material when it is especially vivid or surprising
44
what are the 4 trends in schemas
1. minor event and time limited= schema specific recall 2. minor event and time limited= no non-schema specific recall 3. people seldom create completley false memory for a lengthy event that did not occur 4. major event inconsistent with schema= more likely to remember event
45
boundary extension
tendency to remember having viewed a greater portion of a scene than was actually shown
46
how does boundary extension work?
based on our expectations we create perceptual schemas that extend beyond the edges of the photograph and beyond the scope of our retinas
47
Abstraction
a memory process that stores the meaning of a message rather than the exact words
48
verbatim memory
word-for-word recall
49
false alarm
when people "remember" an item that was not originally presented
50
constructive model of memory
people integrate information from individual sentences in order to construct larger ideas (combine sentences to form a coherent story)
51
The pragmatic approach
people pay attention to the aspect of a message that is most relevant to their current goals (remember verbatim, emotionally threatening material)
52
Memory integration
background knowledge encourages us to take in new info in a schema consistent fashion (even more so after delayed recall)
53
what often shapes our memory for complex material
top-down processes (schemas etc)
54
how do schemas aid memory
influence when reading ambiguous or unclear stimuli. in general helps us draw correct conclusions
55
how do schemas fail memory
lead us to remember info that wasn't there,
56
Gender stereotypes
brain shows activation for sentences inconsistent with gender stereotypes faster response for stereotype consistent info in implicit tasks
PSYC 355
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