Language 2

Question 1

what are the 2 theories about word production

Answer 1

1. simultaneous retrieval of grammar, meaning, and phonemes of a word
2. independent access of above info

Question 2

What is the research behind independent access of word production?

Answer 2

ERP’s show grammar is accessed faster than phonological properties (split-second timing)

Question 3

sound errors

Answer 3

sounds in nearby words exchanged

Question 4

morpheme errors

Answer 4

morphemes exchanged in nearby word

Question 5

word errors

Answer 5

words are exchanged

Question 6

what are two peculiarites about slips-of-the-tongue?

Answer 6

will create a word rather than a non-word

not likely to create a word with an unusual letter sequence

Question 7

what is one explanation behind slips-of-the-tongue

Answer 7

similar sounds have similar activation which can lead to slips

Question 8

gist

Answer 8

overall meaning of a message we intend to generate

Question 9

what are the 3 steps to creating a sentence?

Answer 9

1. top-down, planning gist
2. grammatical encoding
3. phonological encoding: sound code to direct mouth movements

Question 10

Prosody

Answer 10

melody of sentences, intonation, rhythm, and emphasis

Question 11

narrative

Answer 11

describes a series of actual or fictionl events

Question 12

what are the 6 steps to creating discourse?

Answer 12

1. overview of story
2. summary of characters and setting
3. action that made things complicated
4. the point of the story
5. resolution
6. final signal to complete narrative

Question 13

gestures

Answer 13

visible movements used to communicate

Question 14

iconic gesture

Answer 14

gestures with a form that represents the concept about which a speaker is talking

Question 15

deictic gestures

Answer 15

pointing to some object or location while speaking accompanied by “this” or “that”

Question 16

beat gestures

Answer 16

gestures that occur in rhythm that matches speech rate and prosodic content of speech (do not convey info, but helps maintain speech pattern)

Question 17

gestures and learning

Answer 17

facilitate learning

increase listener understandingt

Question 18

tower of hanoi puzzle

Answer 18

physical solving of puzzle compared to online solving then teach others to solve

Question 19

what were the results of the tower of hanoi puzzle

Answer 19

physical solvers used more gestures to teach and learners made larger movements

Question 20

embodied cogntion

Answer 20

people use their bodies to express knowledge

Question 21

pragmatics

Answer 21

focusses on social cues and world knowledge that allow speakers to successfully communicate messages to other people

Question 22

common ground

Answer 22

conversationalists share the same backgorund knowledge, schemas, and perspectives that are necessary for mutual understanding

Question 23

Directives

Answer 23

a sentence that asks someone to do something

Question 24

direct request

Answer 24

resolves problem in obvious fashion

Question 25

indirect request

Answer 25

subtle suggestions to resolve problems

Question 26

frame

Answer 26

mental structures that simplify reality (values, perspectives, beliefs)

Question 27

what are the 3 steps to writing

Answer 27

1. planning 2. sentence generation 3. revising

Question 28

how does one test just the phonological loop while writing

Answer 28

remember spoken syllable while writing requires significatly more time to remember syllables

Question 29

how does one test just the visuospatial sketchpad while writing

Answer 29

remember visual shape while writing when writing about concrete nouns it took longer to remember shape, but abstract concepts showed no delay remembering locations also doesn't impact delay

Question 30

prewriting

Answer 30

generating a list of ideas

Question 31

what do skilled writers do when revising

Answer 31

identify what is wrong in a sentence and edit for coherence and organization instead of just grammar and sentence structure

Question 32

bilingual speaker

Answer 32

someone who can speak fluently in 2 different languages

Question 33

multilingual speaker

Answer 33

speak more than 2 languages

Question 34

simultaneous bilingualism

Answer 34

learn two languages simultaneously during childhoods

Question 35

sequential bilingualism

Answer 35

having a first and second language

Question 36

what are 2 predictors for success learning a language

Answer 36

motivation and attitude towards people who speak the language

Question 37

metalinguistics

Answer 37

knowledge about form and structure of language

Question 38

age of aquisition

Answer 38

age you learned a language

Question 39

critical period hypothesis

Answer 39

second language aquisition strictly limited to a specific period of life (native fluency) research does not support

Question 40

is age related to vocabulary

Answer 40

no

Question 41

is age related to phonology

Answer 41

yes, foreign accent when learning at an older age but gradual decline instead of critical drop

Question 42

is age related to grammar

Answer 42

age does not, but years of education does but when first language is similar to english there is no age relationship

Question 43

what do simultaneous interpreters have to do and what do they need to do it

Answer 43

comprehend-->mentally transform-->speak out loud need incredible working memory capacity