PSYC 355 > Language 1 > Flashcards

Language 1 Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 4 stages of Language comprehension

A

1)encode
2)indentify and access meanings
3)apply knowledge of rules
4)create interpretation of message

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2
Q

psycholinguistics

A

interdisciplinary field that examines how people use language to communicate ideas

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3
Q

phoneme

A

basic unit of language

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4
Q

how many phonemes in the english language

A

40

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5
Q

morpheme

A

basic unit of meaning

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6
Q

morphology

A

the study of morphemes (examines how we create words by combining morphemes)

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7
Q

syntax

A

grammatical rules that govern how we organize words into sentences

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8
Q

grammar

A

encompasses both morphology and syntax

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9
Q

semantics

A

examines the meanings of words and sentences

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10
Q

pragmatics

A

knowledge of the social rules that govern language, takes into account listeners perspective/context

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11
Q

What did chomsky believe about our knowledge of grammar

A

inborn knowledge of grammatical rules regardless of language specific qualities

(tries to explain how we can make sentences we’ve never heard before)

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12
Q

surface structure

A

words that are actually spoken or written

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13
Q

deep structure

A

underlying, more abstract meaning of a sentence

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14
Q

transformational rules

A

convert deep structure into surface structure that they can speak or write

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15
Q

ambiguous sentences

A

identical surface structure but very different deep structure

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16
Q

what are some problems with Chomsky’s theory

A
  1. languages do not share universal patterns of grammar
  2. some research did not support
  3. new approach emphasizes info contained in individual words of a sentence
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17
Q

cognitive funcitonal approach

A

function of human language in everyday life is to communicate meaning to other individuals

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18
Q

sentences in the negative vs positive

A

process sentences in the negative slower than those in the positive

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19
Q

active sentences vs passive

A

active sentences easier to understand

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20
Q

incremental interpretation

A

when processing a language we do not wait until an entire sentence is spoken before making judgements about its meaning

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21
Q

on-line language processing measures

A

gauge amount of difficulty one experiences as the linguistic signal unfolds unit-by-unit over time

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22
Q

what is a good indication of processing difficulty?

A

reaction time

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23
Q

lexical ambiguity

A

a single word can have multiple meanings

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24
Q

how do we chose meaning of a word

A

probability and sentence context

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25
syntactic ambiguity
sentences with ambiguity
26
what do eye-tracker tests tell us about language processing
context effects are not limited to linguistic contexts, visual processing also matters
27
good enough processing
frequently process only part of a sentenct (heuristic)
28
neurolinguistics
examines underlying neurological structures and systems that support language and language-related processes
29
Describe some general considerations about neurolinguistics
1. vast distribution of activation throughout the brain 2. large anatomical differences between individuals 3. need multiple methods of imaging to find answers
30
Aphasia
difficulty communicating, typically as a result of damage caused by stroke or tumour
31
broca's area
front and left hemisphere location used in speech production
32
Broca's aphasia
expressive-language deficit or trouble producing language located near motor systems also affects language comprehension
33
How does broca's aphasia present?
hesitant speech with isolated words and short phrases
34
Wernicke's Area
middle left of brain used in language comprehension
35
Wernike's aphasia
difficulties understanding language spoken language wordy and confused
36
Why is it challenging to study Broca's area
brain damage unique to individuals so findings can't be standardized
37
What else does Broca's area contribute to
grammar processing, operations and leaning music, speech gestures, and imagery involved in general cognitive processes may be involved in attention network
38
What shows that Broca's area may be involved in attentional networks?
active during Stroop Task engages when representational conflict arises, so one must choose a correct interpretation or response
39
language localizer task
tested a variety of tasks with fMRI and pinpointed the ones that only responded to language stuff
40
lateralization
each hemisphere of the brain has somewhat different functions
41
what does the left hemisphere mostly contribute to
language processing - speech perception - reading and meaning - high-imagery sentences
42
what does the right hemisphere mostly contribute to
-emotional tone -humour - abstract language tasks
43
what do the left and right hemisphere work together on?
-subtle word meanings -resolving ambiguities -combining meaning of several sentences
44
mirror neurons
activated when watching someone and when performing a task also plays a role in language comprehension
45
dual-route approach to reading
skilled readers use both a direct access route and indirect access route
46
direct-access route
recognize the word directly through vision without "sounding out" the word
47
indirect-access route
translate ink marks into some form of sound before you can access a word and it's meaning
48
describe some of the evidence for the direct-access route
no hesitation in pronouncing a second conflicting word showing we can go directly to the word and do not silently pronounce every word during normal reading
49
describe the benefits of the indirect-access route
enhances working memory by providing auditory image important when children begin reading good for flexibility
50
what kind of words are better suited for indirect vs direct access routes
indirect good for uncommon words direct good for common words
51
whole-word approach
readers can directly connect the written word (as an entire unit) with the meaning that this word represents (direct approach)
52
Phonics approach
readers recognize words by trying to pronounce individual letter in the word (indirect approach)
53
whole language approach
instruction should emphasize meaning and be enjoyable
54
How does reading to children impact development
more aware of peoples thoughts and feelings
55
Discourse
interrelated units of language that are larger than a sentence
56
inferences
conclusions that go beyond the isolated phrase or sentence
57
theory of mind
predicting mentall states of others
58
how do we understand lengthy stories?
use long-term memory and working memory to keep info for long periods of time
59
constructionist view of inferences
usually draw inferences about causes of events and the relationships between events integrate current info with relevant past info and backgroud knowledge (top-down) (shows how we can predict endings etc)
60
how does working memory affect inferences?
large working memory capactiy= better inferences better metacomprehension and expertise in a topic also improve inferences
61
how do preferences impact inferences?
preferences interfere with text comprehension (not accepting a bad ending) people shocked when story unfolds differently from their inferences
62
what is most important when teaching reading?
teaching metacomprehension skills
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