Long-Term Memory

Question 1

long-term memory

Answer 1

high capacity storage system containing memories and information accrued throughout lifetime

Question 2

episodic memory

Answer 2

memories of events that happen to you personally

Question 3

semantic memory

Answer 3

describes organized knowledge about the world (words and facts)

Question 4

procedural memory

Answer 4

knowledge about how to do something (sequences of motor-based info)

Question 5

encoding

Answer 5

process info and represent it in memory

Question 6

retrieval

Answer 6

locate info in storage and access it

Question 7

levels of processing approach

Answer 7

deep, meaningful processing of info leads to more accurate recall than shallow, sensory processing

Question 8

distinctiveness

Answer 8

a stimulus is different from other memory traces

making a memory unique from others allows better recall of that memory

Question 9

elaboration

Answer 9

requires rich processing in terms of meaning and interconnected concepts

Question 10

what does elaboration help with?

Answer 10

better recall

Question 11

self reference effect

Answer 11

can remember more if you relate info to yourself

encourages deep processing

Question 12

what factors contribute to the success of the self-reference effect?

Answer 12

1. self has rich set of distinctive cues
2. shows how traits are connected
3. more rehearsal when it’s about yourself

this all leads to deeper levels of processing

Question 13

encoding-specificity principle

Answer 13

recall is better if the context during retrieval is similar to the context during encoding

(more likely to forget when contexts don’t match)

Question 14

recall task

Answer 14

reproduce items learned earlier

Question 15

recognition task

Answer 15

judge whether they saw an item at an earlier time

Question 16

in what memory tasks is the encoding specificity effect more likely to appear?

Answer 16

those that

a) assess recall
b) use real-life incidents
c) examine events that happened long ago

Question 17

what type of context is important for the encoding-specificity effect?

Answer 17

how an environment feels is more important than how it looks for contextual recall

Question 18

describe the relationship between levels of processing and encoding-specificity

Answer 18

deep semantic processing is effective only if the retrieval conditions also emphasize these deeper more meaningful features

Question 19

explicit memory tasks

Answer 19

intentional retrieval of previously learned info

Question 20

implicit memory tasks

Answer 20

tests unconscious memory

Question 21

repetition priming task

Answer 21

recent exposure to a word increases the likelihood that you’ll think of this particular word when presented with a cued

Question 22

dissociation

Answer 22

when a variable has large effects on test A but little or no effect on test B

Question 23

how do anxiety disorders affect performance on explicit and implicit memory tasks?

Answer 23

high anxiety makes you more likely to recall negative, anxiety arousing words, but not difference in performance on recognition tasks

Question 24

amnesia

Answer 24

severe deficits of episodic memory

Question 25

retrograde amnesia

Answer 25

can't remember events from your past before brain damage (some semantic loss, but less)

Question 26

anterograde amnesia

Answer 26

loss of ability to form memory after incident

Question 27

how does amnesia affect explicit and implicit memory tasks?

Answer 27

both retrograde and anterograde are bad for explicit memory tasks and do not affect implicit memory

Question 28

Autobiographical memory

Answer 28

memory for events and issues related to yourself verbal narrative, imagery, emotions, procedural info shapes personal history and self-concept

Question 29

Describe the 3 main concepts about autobiographical memory

Answer 29

1. often accurate for a variety of info 2. mistakes on peripheral details and specific info 3. memories blend together info from a variety of sources (memory is constructed at retrieval)

Question 30

Schema

Answer 30

general knowledge or expectation from past experiences with someone or something

Question 31

consistency bias

Answer 31

exaggerate the consistency between our past feelings and beliefs and our current viewpoint (we can only see ourselves through our current lense which changes our perspective)

Question 32

Source monitoring

Answer 32

trying to identify the origin of a memory (who told me this? accidental plagiarism, etc)

Question 33

reality monitoring

Answer 33

try to identify whether an event really occurred or whether you actually imagined this event (gaslight, gatekeep, girlboss)

Question 34

Flashbulb memory

Answer 34

memory of circumstance in which you learned about a very surprising and emotionally arousing event (knowing where you were when you heard about 9-11 or princess Diana dying)

Question 35

do flashbulb memories have any merit?

Answer 35

sometimes more accurate, but can be explained by existing memory strategies both flashbulb and ordinary memories grow less accurate over time

Question 36

post-event misinformation effect

Answer 36

people view an event and are then fed misinformation this makes people mistakenly recall misinformation instead of reality

Question 37

proactive interference

Answer 37

trouble recalling new stuff because old interferes with new memories

Question 38

constructionist approach

Answer 38

we construct knowledge by integrating new info with what we know synthesize old and new to make sense of a situation

Question 39

what are the 5 factors than affect witness testimony?

Answer 39

1. more stressful circumstance= more errors 2. delay in recall= more errors and potential post-event interference 3. plausible info= more errors with misinformation 4. social pressure= more errors 5. positive feedback= more errors

Question 40

Expertise

Answer 40

requires deliberate intensive practice on a daily basis

Question 41

what sets experts apart from novices?

Answer 41

experts do not show outstanding memory skills in other areas not more intelligent, just more practiced experts have better memory strategies

Question 42

name the 7 memory strategies that experts use

Answer 42

1. well organized, carefully learned knowledge structure 2. more likely to reorganize new material, forming meaningful chunks 3. more vivid visual images for recall 4. emphasize distinctiveness during encoding 5. rehearse strategically 6. better at reconstructing missing info from partial memories 7. better at predicting difficulty and monitoring progress

Question 43

how does being an expert affect working memory performance?

Answer 43

put less work on processing and working memory capacity due to stores of info already possessed

Question 44

own-ethnicity bias

Answer 44

more accurate at identifying members of your own ethnic group (based on expertise)

Question 45

emotion

Answer 45

reaction to specific stimulus

Question 46

mood

Answer 46

general long-lasting experience

Question 47

Pollyanna Principle

Answer 47

pleasant items are processed more efficiently and more accurately than less pleasant items

Question 48

name the 3 findings of the Pollyanna Principle

Answer 48

1. more accurate recall for pleasant items 2. more accurate recall for neutral stimuli associated with pleasant stimuli 3. over time unpleasant memories fade more than pleasant memories

Question 49

positivity effect

Answer 49

rate unpleasant past events more positively with the passage of time

Question 50

recovered memory perspective

Answer 50

childhood memories can be forgotten for many years and then recovered during adolescence or adulthood

Question 51

False memory perspective

Answer 51

most recovered memories are incorrect (constructed stories about events that never occurred)

Question 52

describe the evidence for the false memory perspective

Answer 52

easy to implant false memories in laboratory tests but implanting false autobiographical memories is more challenging

Question 53

describe the evidence for recovered memory perspective

Answer 53

betrayal trauma from a guardian inspires this adaptive response

Question 54

betrayal trauma

Answer 54

child depends on adult and must actively inhibit memories of abuse in order to maintain an attachment to this person

Question 55

what can you learn from the debate about recovered memory or false memory perspective?

Answer 55

both can be correct human memory is flexible and complex