Global Shift and migration

Question 1

Give some economic benefits of the global shift

Answer 1

• As national revenues increase the gov can spend more on education and health
• Large Asian economies increased
• 1 billion out of poverty since 1990

Question 2

Give some economic disadvantages of the global shift

Answer 2

• During 1970s many western factories closed as Asia industrialised
• Inner city unemployment soared in places like Sheffield so consumer wealth decreased
• Spiral of decline particularly Detroit as a result of unemployment

Question 3

Give some environmental benefits of global shift

Answer 3

• Less pollution in home countries
• International agreements to reduce emissions
• Higher income = more money to spend on emissions

Question 4

Give some environmental disadvantages of the global shift

Answer 4

• Adverse health problems from pollution and over-exploitation
• E.g. Dongguan, China workers in Wintek were poisoned by glass treatment
• Since 1990, Togo lost 60% of its forested area to urbanisation
• Dereliction e.g. Detroit

Question 5

Give some social advantages of the global shift

Answer 5

• High education achievement in Singapore and Hong Kong
• Asia is leading in quaternary sector for medical services
• Mumbai’s Dharavi Slum slum is a thriving recycling industry worth £700m a year and employs 250,000 people

Question 6

Give some social disadvantages of the global shift

Answer 6

• Rising gun crime
• Life expectancy is 30 years lower in low income US urban district
• When areas are switched off they become switched on to illegal drug flows and people trafficking
• Depopulation e.g. 1 million left Detroit since 1950
• Ethnic tension of white flight

Question 7

Define ‘global shift’

Answer 7

The movement of economic activity

Question 8

Name four factors that have accelerated global shift

Answer 8

• open door policies in Asia
• off-shoring, outsourcing and business start ups in emerging economies
• abandonment of unethical practices in MEDCs e.g. unequal gender pay
• severe costs to the environment

Question 9

The shift began in the (1) and accelerated during the (2) as (3) production moved to (4)

Answer 9

1950s
1960s
Low tech
Emerging Asian tiger economies

Question 10

Acceleration during the 1980s when consumer (1) flourished in Japan and again in the 1990s when it was outsourced to (2) locations in (3)

Answer 10

Electronics
Low wage
China

Question 11

The 2008 (1) reinforced the shift because (2) between the emerging economies increased with those of developing countries experienced (3)

Answer 11

Financial crisis
Trade balances
Relative decline

Question 12

Why would a business locate in India?

Answer 12

Expected to be the second largest economy in the world by 2040 and many fluent in English

Question 13

Give three disadvantages of India’s call centres

Answer 13

Exploited workers (10hrs 6 days)
Due to time zones most work is done at night
Widened rich- poor divide

Question 14

Give three advantages of India’s call centres

Answer 14

• Middle class wages
• Nightclubs testify to high spending power
• Outsourcing companies become more profitable

Question 15

Define a ‘mega city’

Answer 15

A metropolitan area with a total population in excess of 10 million people

Question 16

Define a ‘World/ Global city’

Answer 16

A city with a major political and economic power e.g. New York

Question 17

Why was 2007/8 a tipping point?

Answer 17

Over 50% of global population lived in an urban area

Question 18

By 2030, the urban population will be (1) which is (2)% of the global population
50% of the current population are aged (3)
By 2030, Asia’s urban population is estimated from 1.4bn to (4)
Africa’s urban figures expected to rise to (5)

Answer 18

5 billion
60
-25 
2.6 billion
750 million

Question 19

Give two reasons for the growth in urban population

Answer 19

• rural to urban migration

- natural increase

Question 20

Give some examples of push/ pull factors

Answer 20

• access to services
• job opportunities
• QoL and SoL
• transport links
• natural disaster risk
• exposure of war
• access to food
• entertainment facilities
• remittances
• sanitation

Question 21

Mumbai in India
Population of (1) in 2015, the (2) market caters for the (3) and provides retail jobs hosting international brands like (4)

Answer 21

22 million
Colaba causeway
Emerging middle class
Starbucks and Hilton

Question 22

Mumbai:
Home to (1) lots of (2) migration as there is a lack of infrastructure especially in (3) as farming is unreliable due to (4)

Answer 22

Tara steel and Bollywood
Rural to urban
Uttar and Pradesh
Common crop failure

Question 23

Karachi, Pakistan:
Population of (1) in 2015, rural to urban migration especially from (2) provinces due to (3)
Most (4) city in Pakistan, seeks (5) migrants for work in (6)

Answer 23

24 million
Punjab and Sindh 
Poverty and unreliable crops
Populous
Internal
Retail and banking

Question 24

Karachi, Pakistan
Port city so centre for (1)
Excellent universities specialising in (2)

Answer 24

Trade and industry

Engineering, medics, business and technology

Question 25

Define ‘economic migrant’

Answer 25

A migrant whose primary motivation is to seek employment but already have a job and are looking for better or more regular pay

Question 26

Define ‘urbanisation’

Answer 26

An increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas

Question 27

Define ‘centripetal migration’

Answer 27

Moving towards the centre of an urban area

Question 28

Describe the case study of Russian oligarchs in Londongrad

Answer 28

- Soviet Union dissolved in 1990 and became Commonwealth of Independent states - oligarch is a Greek term given because of the businessmen who get a lot of wealth from taking soviet-era industries who gain influence from wealth - many bought homes in wealthiest boroughs of London and called it Londongrad - acquired controlling interests in European companies e.g. Chelsea FC

Question 29

Describe the case study of low wage economic migration in Dubai

Answer 29

- Not an Arab state because fewer than 1/8 are UAE citizens - 2005, Indian Industrialist Sherry paid $12.25 million to buy 100th floor of skyscraper - S.Asian guest workers make up more than 60% and work 12hr shifts for $5 a day - Workers trapped in UAE by debts in source country which paid for work visas - Motivation for migration to send remittances

Question 30

Poor global migrants are not welcome to (1) Europe in the same way as (2) and are sometimes exploited by (3) who take their life savings in exchange for (4) while globalisation has made freedom of movement easier it is not accessible for all e.g. Burmese into (5)

Answer 30

``` Fortress Elite migrants People traffickers Passage Thailand ```

Question 31

Approx (1) million migrants from the Philippines have arrived in (2) since (3) when rising (4) prices brought wealth to the country. Many work in (5) and some as nurses in (6) around (7) returns as remittances despite reports of ill treatment to migrant workers

Answer 31

``` 1.5 Saudi Arabia 1973 Oil Construction and transport Riyadh $7billion ```

Question 32

Give four environmental problems of mega-cities

Answer 32

Excessive waste Pressures on water supply and quality Deep eco-footprints Air pollution

Question 33

Give six social mega city problems

Answer 33

``` Disease epidemics Overcrowding Widespread poverty Segregation Noise pollution Pressure on waste management ```

Question 34

Give three social-environmental mega city problems

Answer 34

Lack of green spaces Traffic congestion Urban sprawl

Question 35

Describe a global hub

Answer 35

Switched on places that posses qualities that is attractive for other places to links to World cities e.g. London Hub e.g. Bangalore

Question 36

Describe global hubs

Answer 36

Generally host TNCs and tend to have increasingly diverse culture as flows of people, finance, trade and ideas converge in them