Human Geography > Globalisation > Flashcards

Globalisation Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

What is McLuhan’s idea of a “Global Village”?

A

The idea that people throughout the world are interconnected through the use of new media technologies, bringing people closer together

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2
Q

What are the flows of globalisation?

A

Capital
Labour
Products
Services
Information

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3
Q

What is the globalisation theory by Harvey?

A

Time-space compression due to connectivity

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4
Q

What is Friedmann’s core-periphery model?

A

Core countries dominate and exploit countries in the periphery

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5
Q

What is globalisation?

A

A process in which the constraints of geography on economic, political, social and cultural arrangements recede, in which people are becoming increasingly aware that the restraints are receding, and in which people act accordingly

The accelerating process of increasing economic, political, social and cultural interconnectedness and interdependence between countries

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6
Q

How much did global trade increase by from 1959 to 2023 due to globalisation?

A

$100 billion to $31 trillion

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7
Q

What is Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory?

A

Core periphery model with semi periphery - made up of countries like BRICS who did not allow exploitation and began to manufacture instead of just selling raw materials, also demanded higher prices

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8
Q

Outline Facebook

A
  • Offices in over 70 countries
  • Over 10% of Facebook friendships are between individuals in different countries
  • Expected to reach 75% of the global population by 2027
  • However, there is declining usage among the younger population
  • Over 200 million small businesses use facebook for marketing and sales
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9
Q

What percentage of undersea cables do TNCs own and what percentage do they use?

A
  • 75% ownership
  • 71% usage
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10
Q

What is globalisation measured by?

A

The KOF index

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11
Q

How much did containerisation speed up loading times?

A

Loading times shrunk from weeks to less than 24 hours

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12
Q

What is global shift?

A

The movement of manufacturing from HICs to NEEs and LICs

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13
Q

How much debt relief has the World Bank funded and to how many countries?

A

Over $100 billion of debt relieved from 37 countries

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14
Q

How many UN heads of committees are Chinese?

A

4 out of 15

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15
Q

What does the New Development Bank (NDB) do?

A
  • Founded by the BRICS, they support and finance infrastructure and sustainable development projects
  • $32.8 billion has already been financed/approved for financing on projects
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16
Q

What is the most corrupt country according to the Corruption Perceptions Index and what is an example of corruption in this country?

A
  • Somalia
  • Thousands of sacks of food aid meant for famine victims ended up being sold at markets instead during the 2011 famine
  • After more reports of theft of food aid by the UN, the EU decided to temporarily suspend funding for the World Food Programme (WFP) in Somalia in 2023
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17
Q

How much global wealth do the richest 1% own?

A

Around 40%

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18
Q

Describe wealth inequality in South Africa

A
  • Around 80% of the population is black African yet they only hold around 4% of the country’s wealth
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19
Q

Describe wealth distribution between HICs and LICs

A

Average GDP per capita is 6x higher for HICs than LICs

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20
Q

Describe inequality in literacy rates between HICs and LICs

A
  • HICs have high literacy rates eg. Norway has almost 100%
  • LICs have low literacy rates eg. Chad is 35%
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21
Q

Describe inequality in literacy rates between genders

A
  • Men have 90% literacy rates
  • Women have 84% literacy rates
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22
Q

What can LDCs experience?

Study These Flashcards
A

The Poverty Cycle/Trap

23
Q

What is an example of outsourcing?

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A

The majority of iPhones are manufactured in China by contractors like Foxconn (Taiwanese)

24
Q

What is Vertical Disintegration (Klein) and what is an example?

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A

Where different parts of an industrial/commercial process are given to different companies to do, whereas before they were only done by one - similar to GPNs

Eg. Samsung now produces Apple screens

25
What is reshoring and what is an example?
The movement away from larger supply chains and production moving back to the country the TNC is headquartered in Eg. Cadbury bring production of Dairy Milk bars back to UK from Poland - invested £75 million into Birmingham factory
26
What are the different types of trade groups?
- Free trade areas, eg. USMCA - Customs unions, eg. MERCOSUR (Latin America) - Common markets, eg. EU past form - Economic unions eg. EU current form
27
Describe Cadbury
- Headquarters - Greater London (Uxbridge) - Second largest confectionary brand in the world - Operates in over 50 countries - In 2010, Kraft Foods undertook an acquisition of Cadbury - In 2017, Cadbury announced they would bring back production of Dairy Milk bars to the UK from Poland, alongside investing £75 million in their Birmingham factory
28
Describe the UN
- 193 member states - 17 sustainable development goals - eg. Peacekeeping - 70 peacekeeping missions deployed with personnel from over 120 countries - minimises conflict
29
Who are the main producers of bananas?
Latin America and the ACP countries (Africa, Caribbean, Pacific)
30
What is the breakdown of the price paid for bananas?
- 80% stays in the richer country - Workers receive around 5% -> workers in Ecuador receive wages that put them below the international poverty line - Retailers receive around 40%
31
What was the change in the combined market share of the biggest 5 banana companies from 2002 to 2013? Why did this happen?
- 2002, 70% -> 2013, 45% - Due to companies freeing themselves from direct plantation ownership - More producers sell directly to TNCs/retailers in developed countries - Makes producers more vulnerable as not accepting lower prices means they risk removal from the supplier list
32
Who are the biggest importers of bananas?
EU and US
33
Outline the 20 year “Banana Trade Wars” between the EU and the US
- EU was charging duties on Latin American producers in 1993 - TNCs (eg. Chiquita) argued that EU scheme giving former colonies in the Caribbean special access to European markets broke free trade rules - 24 hours within a $500,000 donation to the Democratic Party from Chiquita, the Clinton administration complained to the WTO - The US won and the EU was instructed to alter its regulations - However after the WTO ruling the US government argued that free trade in bananas had not been restored and imposed a retaliatory range of 100% duties on European products - In 2012, the EU and 11 Latin American countries signed an agreement to formally end 8 separate WTO cases
34
What is Fairtrade?
A social movement whose goal is to help producers in developing countries achieve better trading conditions
35
Outline differences between Fairtrade and free trade sales of bananas for workers and farmers
- Fairtrade banana farmers earned 40% more than conventional farmers in 2020 - Workers and farmers receive 20% of the money from the sale of Fairtrade bananas while they only receive 6% from the sale of free trade bananas
36
Outline the benefits of the Fairtrade bananas for communities
- Fairtrade receives 43% of the money from the sale of Fairtrade bananas, which they spend on machinery, development and quality of life improvement at plantations - Fairtrade includes a premium which is used for better healthcare, schooling and infrastructure - This premium is $55/tonne - In 2020 Fairtrade Premiums amounted to £31.8 million
37
What are the global commons?
Resource domains or areas that lie outside the political reach of any one nation
38
What are the 5 global commons recognised by international law?
- High seas - Atmosphere - Antarctica - Outer space - Internet
39
What is the tragedy of the commons (Hardin)?
Refers to the conflict for resources between individual interests and the common interest of society -> The benefits of exploitation are received only be the individual however the costs are distributed between all those to whom the resource is available
40
How does the tragedy of the commons (Hardin) apply to Antarctica?
- Krill (type of fish) populations have declined by up to 80% since the 1970s in Antarctic waters - harms Antarctic food web as Krill are the foundation - Estimates suggest 80 million barrels worth of oil reserves exist beneath Antarctic Ice which are worth around $40 trillion - if treaty protections expire in 2048, countries may race to exploit the resources
41
Outline the benefits and costs of Shell Oil in the Niger Delta
Benefits: - Provides direct employment for 65000 Nigerians and a further 250000 indirect jobs - 91% of Shell contracts go to Nigerian companies - Supports the growth of Nigeria’s energy sector - Shell generated $5.34 billion for the Nigerian government - Shell runs social programs focusing on eduction, health and community Costs: - Oil spills -> 2008/9 Bodo oil spills devastated the livelihoods of thousands of farmers and fishermen, Shell agreed to pay £55 million in compensation - Local communities often do not see proportionate improvements in living standards from oil wealth due to mismanagement of earnings and corruption - Overall, due to Nigeria’s oil boom, it has suffered from Dutch disease with manufacturing and agriculture declining after the oil boom in the 1970s
42
What is Friedman’s Golden Arches theory?
- A theory of peace that no two countries with a McDonald’s restaurant will fight a war against each other due to integration into the global supply chain and a strong middle class supporting global brands
43
Who’s theory is flat and frictionless world?
Friedman
44
What is Flying Geese Theory and whose theory is it?
Akamatsu explains how industrialisation and economic development spreads sequentially across countries, particularly in East and Southeast Asia, in a pattern resembling geese flying in a formation -> eg. Asian Tigers (Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan) and Tiger Cubs (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam)
45
How much is global banana trade worth?
Over $15 billion per year
46
What percentage of global banana imports does the US make up?
20%
47
What percentage of worldwide banana sales are Fairtrade?
Under 10%
48
Outline Shell
- Headquarters in London - Operates in over 70 countries - Extracts oil from countries like Nigeria and Brazil and exports mostly to HICs (UK, US, Japan, EU) -> core-periphery - However, countries in semi-periphery such as India also import a lot (WWS) - Transfers advance tech between countries such as deep-water drilling - Globally recognised -> 45000 Shell service stations -> cultural homogenisation as provides same services everywhere
49
Outline remittances in India
Worth over $135 billion in 2024, making up around 3.5% of India’s GDP
50
What percentage of global trade does the WTO account for?
98%
51
What is a country that is not part of the EU and what is a country that joined recently?
Ukraine not in EU, Croatia joined in 2013
52
How much of global trade is linked to TNCs?
Around 80%
53
How are IMF decisions voted for?
Voting power linked to economic size and donations -> US has over 16% of voting power -> means HICs have most influence
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