GLOBALISATION

Question 1

what is globalisation?

Answer 1

the widening and deepening of global connections and interdependence through the increased flows of people, capital, information and commodities

Question 2

what is the shrinking world effect?

Answer 2

how technological advancements in transport and communication make the world feel smaller and more interconnected, despite physical distances remaining the same

Question 3

what has contributed to the shrinking world effect?

Answer 3

• advancements in transport
• containerisation
• aviation
• technological advancements

Question 4

what are the four types of globalisation?

Answer 4

• economic
• cultural
• social
• political

Question 5

what is economic. globalisation?

Answer 5

the increase of TNCs and informations and communications technology

Question 6

what is political globalisation?

Answer 6

the increase in trading blocs, free trade agreements, and the globalisations e.g. the world bank, the IMF and the WTO

Question 7

what is social globalisation?

Answer 7

International migration, improvements in education ad healthcare and social connectivity

Question 8

what is cultural globalisation?

Answer 8

the worldwide exchange and blending of ideas, values, traditions, products, and popular culture, driven by technology (like the internet) and travel

Question 9

what is containerisation?

Answer 9

the process of using large shipping containers to transport goods

Question 10

what 19th century Developments aided globalisation? give examples

Answer 10

• steam ships - steam ships and trains moved goods and armies along trade routes quickly in the 1800s
• railways - railway networks expanded globally in the 1800s and remains important for governments globally e.g., the High Speed 2 Railway linking London to northern England which will reduce some journey times by a half

Question 11

what 20th century Developments aided globalisation? give examples

Answer 11

• aviation - intercontinental jet aircraft made international travel easier with the arrival of the intercontinental Boeing 747 in the 1960s
• containerisation - vital to the global economy since the 1950s (today, the largest container ships carry 24,000 containers)

Question 12

what 21st century developments aided globalisation?

Answer 12

ICT and global communication
- mobile phones, internet, electronic banking, fibre optics
- no longer needing to wait days, weeks, months for responses
- large amounts of data (e.g., in emails, tweets) are carried across the ocean floor by fibre optic cables in real time reducing the cost of communication

Question 13

how were global connections made historically?

Answer 13

Past global connections were made through trade, Colonialism and co-operation between countries through international organisations

Question 14

what infrastructure project took place in 2013?

Answer 14

China belt and road initiative

Question 15

what role does the IMF play in globalisation?

Answer 15

it lends money for developmental purposes in order to maintain international financial stability + stabilise currencies
- forces countries to privatise government assets therefore
= Transfer loans from HICs to countries that have applied for help

Recipients of the loan must agree to run free market economies so TNCs can locate there easily

Question 16

what role does the WTO play in globalisation?

Answer 16

advocates for trade liberalisation + trade without barriers + therefore free trade policies
- 1995 - Took over from the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

Question 17

what role does the world bank play in globalisation?

Answer 17

provides loans for development e.g. France for post war reconstruction

Question 18

what is privatisation?

Answer 18

the transfer of assets from the public sector to the private sector

Question 19

what are tariffs and what do they help do?

Answer 19

taxes charged on goods or services as they move from one country to another another

Question 20

how do nationals governments play a role in globalisation?

Answer 20

they make decisions on running the county including tax collection, public spending, foreign policy

Question 21

how do local communities play a role in globalisation?

Answer 21

encourage tourism, cultural exchange and migration

Question 22

what is protectionism?

Answer 22

the protection from domestic industry and agriculture from overseas competition through tariffs and quotas

Question 23

what is neoliberalism?

Answer 23

the ideas that more economic growth can occur if there are less barriers to trade

Question 24

what are the positives of protectionism?

Answer 24

• protects jobs and infant industries
• increases indépendance
• can ban products that are bad for society

Question 25

what are the negatives of protectionism?

Answer 25

- increased coasts for consumers - decreased variety for consumers -potential trade wars

Question 26

what are the positives of neoliberalism?

Answer 26

- innovative business environment - affordable and high quality goods

Question 27

what are the negatives of neoliberalism?

Answer 27

- accumulation an unfair distribution of wealth - flourishing hidden protectionism - negative impacts spread quickly

Question 28

list 2 trade blocs

Answer 28

- the EU - ASEAN - The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) includes 10 member states: Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam

Question 29

how did national governments help to promote trade blocs such as the EU and ASEAN

Answer 29

National governments promoted blocs like the EU and ASEAN by removing trade barriers, harmonising laws, and actively negotiating agreements that made cross‑border trade easier and more attractive - Negotiating and signing treaties

Question 30

what is a special economic zone?

Answer 30

a designated area within a country offering favorable business policies (like tax breaks, relaxed regulations) to attract investment

Question 31

what was put in place in 1978 which contributed tot he spread of globalisation in china?

Answer 31

Chinas open door policy

Question 32

what were the impacts if chinas open door policy?

Answer 32

- increase of $180 billion FDI to china - wealth less concentrated - 500 million lifted from poverty

Question 33

what did the Chinese government do in 1978 to encourage FDI?

Answer 33

- farmers could sell crops on the open market

Question 34

what did the Chinese government do in 1980 to encourage FDI?

Answer 34

- in 1980 china became a member of the world bank + IMF - created 4 special economic zones including Shenzhen - all on the coast for port access - opened its stock market in 1990

Question 35

which scales can help to measure the degree of globalisation within a county?

Answer 35

- AT Kearney - KOF Index

Question 36

how is china showing willingness to become more globalised?

Answer 36

wants to build an aerotropolis - a city built around an airport - 2.6 million would live here

Question 37

how has the UK attempted to encourage FDI?

Answer 37

- tax breaks - relaxed border control - joined trans pacific trade partnership - gave them access to 500 million people

Question 38

how does the KOF index measure globalisation?

Answer 38

measures economic, social, and political dimensions of globalisation - each section is given a score out of 100 - the higher the number the more globalised the country

Question 39

what are the negatives of the KOF index?

Answer 39

- This information is only available for 122 countries (2023) - Some of the indicators used are now outdated due to improvements in telecommunications - There is cultural bias in some of the indicators for example, the number of McDonalds - Trade indicators ignore the informal economy - It does not take into account environmental factors

Question 40

how does the AT Kearney index measure globalisation?

Answer 40

1. The Four Key Components - Economic Integration: Measured through trade volumes and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) flows. - Personal Contact: Measured by international travel and tourism, international telephone traffic, and personal transfers (remittances). - Technological Connectivity: Measured by the number of internet users, internet hosts, and secure servers. - Political Engagement: Measured by a country's membership in international organisations, treaties, and contribution to UN peacekeeping missions. 2. Calculation Method - Weighting: While all factors are included, FDI, internet usage, and telephone traffic are weighted double to reflect their significant impact on global connectivity. - Scoring: An index value is calculated for each indicator based on its position, with the highest actual value scoring 1.0 and the lowest 0.

Question 41

what are the positives of the AT Kearney index?

Answer 41

- Data for this includes the number of TNC headquarters, museums and foreign embassies - It includes countries which account for 96% of the world's GDP and 84% of the population

Question 42

what are the negatives of the AT Kearney index?

Answer 42

Only includes 156 countries (2023)

Question 43

how do TNCs try to build their global businesses?

Answer 43

- Offshoring - Outsourcing - Global production networks

Question 44

what is offshoring?

Answer 44

moving parts of the production process, such as factories or offices, to other countries to reduce costs (e.g. labour)

Question 45

what is outsourcing?

Answer 45

contracting with a different company to produce goods and services they need

Question 46

how do Global production networks help TNCs to grow their global businesses ?

Answer 46

they set up chains of connected suppliers of parts and materials that contribute to the manufacturing or assembly of consumer goods

Question 47

what are outsourcing an offshoring examples of?

Answer 47

economic liberalisation

Question 48

what is glocalisation?

Answer 48

the practice of adapting global products, services, or ideas to fit local markets, cultures, and consumer needs

Question 49

what is horizontal integration?

Answer 49

where a company expands by acquiring or merging with competitors in the same industry and at the same stage of production, aiming to increase market share, reduce competition, gain economies of scale, and access new markets or customers

Question 50

what is vertical integration?

Answer 50

where a company gains ownership or control over multiple stages of its supply chain, from raw materials to final distribution, instead of relying on external suppliers, allowing for greater control over costs, quality, and efficiency

Question 51

what are areas with a lack of globalisation called?

Answer 51

switched off

Question 52

when and why did the economic centre of gravity shift to Asia?

Answer 52

2010ish - due to an acceleration in manufacturing - cheap labour - outsourcing

Question 53

what is wallersteins world systems theory?

Answer 53

posits that the world is a single capitalist economic system divided into three tiers: core, semi-periphery, and periphery, which dictates global inequality. Core nations (wealthy, industrialized) exploit peripheral nations (poor, raw material exporters) for profit, while semi-periphery nations (intermediate) act as buffers, with the system functioning through an unequal division of labor. This framework views the global economy as interconnected

Question 54

what is cultural diffusion?

Answer 54

the spread of cultural ideas from Thor place or origin to other regions groups or nations

Question 55

what is cultural erosion?

Answer 55

the loss of cultural distinctiveness - loss of: language, traditional food, music, clothes

Question 56

what is westernisation?

Answer 56

western culture influencing global culture disproportionately

Question 57

how can cultural diffusion occur?

Answer 57

- TNCs - tourism - global media corporations - migration

Question 58

what are the Problems of Deindustrialisation?

Answer 58

- Dereliction resulting from the closure and abandonment of factories, shutting down of services and neglected housing - Depopulation as large numbers of people migrate from the deteriorating urban areas - Rising crime in deprived urban areas - High unemployment as a result of factories closing, losing manufacturing jobs

Question 59

what are the facts and figures surrounding the growth of megacities?

Answer 59

There were just 3 megacities in 1970; today, there are 34 megacities and this number is set to grow to at least 40 by 2030

Question 60

what is a global hub?

Answer 60

A global hub is a highly globally connected city and are sometimes known as ‘World Cities’

Question 61

what had led to the growth of global hubs?

Answer 61

international migration

Question 62

what are the benefits of migration for host countries?

Answer 62

Migrants can fill skills shortages Economic migrants tend to be willing to do labouring work e.g., working on farms Migrants pay taxes and spend their wages on rent and in shops Some migrants may start a new business employing others

Question 63

what are the costs of migration for host countries?

Answer 63

Social tension is possible if people in the host country believe migration has led to less jobs or housing Policy changes to address public concerns e.g., to reduce migration Shortages of school places in some areas as a result of natural increase within youthful migrant communities

Question 64

what are the benefits of migration for source countries?

Answer 64

Migrant remittances contribute to national earnings Reduced spending on healthcare and housing Migrants, or their children, may return, bringing new knowledge and skills

Question 65

what are the costs of migration for source countries?

Answer 65

Reduction in the independent, working population that would have contributed to the economy Reduced economic growth as consumption falls Increase in the number of dependents – children and elderly

Question 66

what factors have led to an increasingly ‘westernised’ global culture?

Answer 66

- TNCs - Global Media - Migration & Tourism

Question 67

how do TNCs contribute to ‘westernised’ global culture?

Answer 67

- Global distribution of products such as food and clothes has contributed to creating a common culture - Some TNCs have introduced uniform products globally - Some TNCs have adapted their products to suit each country, reflecting local cultures

Question 68

how does Global Media contribute to ‘westernised’ global culture?

Answer 68

- Western celebrations of Halloween and Christmas appear in films and TV - UK BBC - TV shows - Paralympic awareness

Question 69

how does migration contribute to ‘westernised’ global culture?

Answer 69

- sharing of language and customs

Question 70

Describe two different ways disadvantaged groups have benefited from the spread of global culture

Answer 70

- The success and popularity of the Paralympics celebrating the achievements of disabled people [1] encourages equal opportunities [1] - Global media e.g., YouTube raises awareness of human rights [1] so minority groups demand rights e.g., chance to vote, education, equal job opportunities [1] - Rural-urban migrants in developing countries are exposed to equal opportunities for disadvantaged groups [1] so become confident in challenging the treatment of women/LGBT and other minority groups in their home region [1]

Question 71

how have diets changed in response to westernisation?

Answer 71

Asian diets have changed from a low meat, high vegetable diet to eating more meat and fast food

Question 72

describe the opposition to globalisation

Answer 72

- China prevents internet users from using BBC or Facebook and has a strict quote of 34 foreign films a year however, Christmas is now celebrated by many Chinese people - France is very protective of its culture with the government encouraging work filmed in French through subsidies and 40% of television must consist of French productions under local content law

Question 73

who are examples of two groups which oppose globalisation?

Answer 73

- Occupy Wall Street Movement - a 59 day extended protest against economic inequality - Global Justice Movement promotes the equal distribution of resources and access to advances in technology

Question 74

which economic measures of development show the impacts of globalisation?

Answer 74

- income per capita - economic sector balance

Question 75

which social measures of development show the impacts of globalisation?

Answer 75

- the human development index - ranks countries according to economic and social criteria - the gender inequality index - measuring gender inequalities linked to three aspects: reproductive health, empowerment and labour force participation rate - environment qualities e.g. pollution indices - the amount of pollution outdoors as well as the quality of air inside homes

Question 76

what is the development gap?

Answer 76

disparity in wealth, quality of life, health, education, and resources between the world's richest (highly developed) and poorest (developing/less developed) countries - can be shown through measures of development

Question 77

what is the Gini coefficient?

Answer 77

a measure of inequality in the distribution of household income Countries are scored between 0 and 100, the higher the value, the greater the income inequality A score of 0 suggests that everyone has the same income in a country A score of 100 suggests a single person receives all of a country’s income

Question 78

give statistics from the Gini coefficient which show inequality what is an anomaly to this trend?

Answer 78

- HICs generally gave a lower score and are therefore more equal e.g. UK = 30-35% - LICs have lower scores and therefore higher inequality - South Africa = 80% - an anomaly is the USA - has a relatively high score

Question 79

what is the global trend in economic development?

Answer 79

All regions have seen a rise in GDP per capita since 1820, however the rise in Africa, Asia and Latin America has been significantly less than Western Europe and the USA

Question 80

explain how the majority of global environmental issues can be linked to globalisation

Answer 80

- The majority of global environmental issues can be linked to globalisation for example: --> Converting 40% of the world’s terrain into productive agricultural land has resulted in the loss of habitats and biodiversity --> Intensive agriculture and cattle ranching can cause a range of environmental impacts from depleting groundwater sources to the removal of mangrove forest (increasing flood risk)

Question 81

how has International migration been encouraged?

Answer 81

-- Open borders - e.g., the large numbers of post accession migration following eight eastern European countries joining the EU in 2004 -- Deregulation - the removal of ‘red-tape’ for businesses -- Foreign Direct Investment which have encouraged TNC workers to move abroad

Question 82

how can tensions can easily arise between immigrant groups and communities in the host country? give an example

Answer 82

-- Migrants require housing, jobs and education which could put certain services under strain which could lead to tensions between communities -- Immigrants may feel that they are being discriminated against -- The rise of extremism in Europe e.g., there are some nationalist parties that oppose immigration - reform

Question 83

how has the spread of globalisation been carried out through government policy?

Answer 83

Trade protectionism censorship limitting immigration

Question 84

what is censorship? give examples of how it has been implemented

Answer 84

governments limiting access to online information -- In China the internet is widely used but censored e.g., Facebook and Twitter are unavailable -- In North Korea the internet is banned as the Leader Kim Jong-Un, to avoid access to westernised ideas

Question 85

give examples of how immigration has been limited in some countries

Answer 85

-- Australia uses a points based system to ensure the economic needs of the country are met -- Tightening restrictions on immigration was one of the reasons behind the UK voting to leave the EU

Question 86

what is trade protectionism? give examples of how it has been implemented

Answer 86

the restriction of international trade to help domestic industries -- In 2005, the EU banned imports of cheap chinese textiles, for a short period, to try and protect its own manufacturers

Question 87

what is resource nationalism?

Answer 87

when governments take measures to ensure that domestic industries and consumers have priority access to the resources found in their country

Question 88

give two examples of resource nationalism

Answer 88

--Hugo Chávez took control of ExxonMobil operations in Venezuela -- Canada based First Quantum had to hand over 65% ownership of a copper mining project (worth US$550 million) in the Democratic Republic of Congo to the country’s government

Question 89

what is an opposition to resource nationalism?

Answer 89

Cultural groups within a country may oppose the exploitation of their resources by global companies especially when the environment is threatened for example: -- The First Nations in Canada oppose attempts of global companies to exploit oil resources in their region

Question 90

what is an environmental concern about TNCs?

Answer 90

they produce a huge carbon footprint

Question 91

what is local sourcing?

Answer 91

buying ingredients and products from nearby farms, producers, and suppliers, keeping the supply chain short

Question 92

what are the benefits of local sourcing?

Answer 92

-- Many small farms in the UK grown organic produce, using fewer pesticides, which could have health benefits -- local farmers earn more - helps people to reduce their carbon footprint

Question 93

what are the costs of local sourcing?

Answer 93

- can be expensive - Less demand from the UK for food from developing countries can have a negative impact on their economic growth - Some products e.g., tomatoes, are grown in heated greenhouses during winter in the UK which produces a larger carbon footprint than if they were imported from Spain

Question 94

what is a transition town?

Answer 94

a movement helping to promote local sourcing - e.g. encouraging locals to buy local farm produce, and reduce the harmful environmental impacts created by purchasing from large brands

Question 95

what is an example of a transition town?

Answer 95

totnes

Question 96

what 4 things did totes do to encourage local sourcing?

Answer 96

- the tones pound - the re-economy hub - the skill share project - the food hub

Question 97

what is the re-economy centre in totnes?

Answer 97

a shared office space designed to strengthen the local economy and share knowledge

Question 98

what is the totnes pound in totnes?

Answer 98

a local current project to encourage spending in the local economy - failed die to cashless economy and people taking them as souvenirs

Question 99

how are Ethical purchases becoming increasingly available?

Answer 99

due to NGOs, charities and a range of businesses

Question 100

why are more people getting into ethical purchases?

Answer 100

concerns about worker exploitation

Question 101

what are 3 Ethical Consumption Strategies?

Answer 101

- Fairtrade - Supply Chain Monitoring -NGO Action

Question 102

what is fair-trade?

Answer 102

The Fairtrade certification scheme offers a guaranteed higher income to farmers Examples of Fair trade products: coffee, bananas, chocolate,clothes

Question 103

what are the advantages fair-trade?

Answer 103

Fair trade goods inform consumers that what they have spent on the product will reach the farmers

Question 104

what are the disadvantages fair-trade?

Answer 104

Not all consumers will pay more for Fair trade products It is impossible for all farmers in the world to join this scheme

Question 105

what is supply chain monitoring?

Answer 105

Large businesses start to accept the need for social responsibility

Question 106

what are the disadvantages fair-trade?

Answer 106

TNCs have thousands of suppliers which increases the risk of branded products being associated with exploitation -- Difficult to monitor working conditions -- Especially difficult to control working conditions in factories of their suppliers’ suppliers

Question 107

how can NGO Action be used for ethical consumption?

Answer 107

-- Charity War on Want helped South African fruit pickers by flying a worker to a Tesco shareholder meeting in London. -- Tesco told the farm it would use a different supplier if working conditions did not improve

Question 108

what are the advantages NGO action?

Answer 108

Raise awareness of ethical issues

Question 109

what are the disadvantages NGO action?

Answer 109

-- NGOs have limited financial resources which can limit the scale of their impact -- People still remain unaware or are not concerned with worker exploitation

Question 110

how is recycling important?

Answer 110

has a role in managing resource consumption and ecological footprints - reduces the rate at which new resources are used

Question 111

what are the negatives of recycling?

Answer 111

the recycling process does still require energy and water for: -- Treatment of waste -- Transportation of waste to recycling sites cannot be implemented everywhere

Question 112

give examples of how local communities and NGOs are working towards the management of resource consumption

Answer 112

- Keep Britain tidy - recycling schemes ran by local authorities - public participation in recycling schemes