MIGRATION + EQ1

Question 1

what is sovereignty?

Answer 1

a state’s supreme, independent authority to govern itself, make laws, and control its territory without external interference

Question 2

what is a census?

Answer 2

quantitative data that provides secondary data of entire populations and households in the UK

Question 3

what is diaspora?

Answer 3

the dispersion or spread of a people from their original homeland.

Question 4

what is the trickle-down effect?

Answer 4

the theory that economic benefits for the wealthy and businesses, such as tax cuts or deregulation, will eventually “trickle down” to benefit everyone else through investment, job creation, and increased spending

Question 5

what are negative externalities?

Answer 5

external coasts imposed on 3rd parties during production/consumption of goods/services

Question 6

how has globalisation impacted migration?

Answer 6

• global shift - deindustrialisation as a push + industrialisation as a pull
• cultural diffusion/westernisation - spread of English encourages immigration to USA, UK, Candada, Australia
• physical causes - climate change
• the global division of labour - periphery-core movement
• better technology and transport
• media spreading anti-immigrant propaganda

Question 7

why do some countries have higher numbers of international migrants?

Answer 7

• gov. immigration laws
• state of countries economy - either attractive or not
• level of engagement with local economy
• investment from TNCs - attractive

Question 8

what are the 3 main categories of immigrant?

Answer 8

• voluntary economic migrants - move for work
• refugees - forced to move due to war/prosecution/natural disaster
• asylum seekers - fleeing their country to apply for international protection

Question 9

why might attitudes to migration vary between countries?

Answer 9

• demographics - balance out ageing pop. or have too high pop. already
• resource lack - cannot support demographics
• xenophobic attitudes driving nationalist policies e.g. Reform, Golden Dawn, Japan

Question 10

what is multiculturalism?

Answer 10

the coexistence and celebration of multiple distinct ethnic and cultural groups within a single society

Question 11

what is a negative effect of assimilation?

Answer 11

a loss or blending of immigrant group cultural identity

Question 12

what is acculturation?

Answer 12

the response of a migrant group in a host society

Question 13

what is a melting pot?

Answer 13

a society where diverse people, cultures, and ethnicities blend into a single, more homogeneous culture, with immigrants adopting a shared national identity
- new culture created

Question 14

what is some evidence of successful acculturation?

Answer 14

• inter-racial relationships
• learning of host languages
• celebrations of cultural diversity e.g. Notting Hill carnival

Question 15

what are some barriers to successful acculturation?

Answer 15

• anti-migrant groups
• Bondi Beach shooting 2025 targeting Jews in Hanukkah
• ethnic enclaves
• not speaking host language

Question 16

what are the social consequences of migration? give 6 specific examples and 1 positive one

Answer 16

• segregation + poor integration in Germany
• racism - Notting Hill riots in the UK against black migrants in 1958
• islamophobia in netherlands
• education/employment gaps - Turks in Germany have worst outcomes
• Windrush scandal UK 2018 - wrongful deportation of 83 mostly Caribbean migrants
• rise of Far-right sentiment - AfD in Germany
• public support for refugees 2015 - Germany = 46% helped with integration, 1.1 million migrants entered

Question 17

what are the political consequences of migration? use 4 specific examples

Answer 17

• British nationality act 1948: granted citizenship to colonial subjects
• dutch integration law 2007: mandatory language and culture tests
• anti-migrant political figures: Enoch Powell’s ‘rivers of blood’ speech
• AfD in Germany held 10% of seats in 2021 - largest opposition party

Question 18

give 5 examples of the economic consequences/benefits of migration?

Answer 18

• post WWI labour shortages = mass recruitment of migrant workers across Europe
• family reunification in Netherlands 1970-80s
• declining German pop. 1975-85 prompted pro-migration policies
• 2008 financial crash = unemployment
• migrants in menial jobs - strict segregation + limited upward movement

Question 19

give 3 statistics that show how Japan is struggling due to closed-door-immigration policies

Answer 19

• 27% of pop. is 65+
• 1.7% are immigrants - this is usually 5% for advanced economies
• median age = 46.5

Question 20

give 3 statistics that show how Australia is thriving due to its immigration policies

Answer 20

• accept 70% of immigrants based off the country’s skill shortages
• median age is 37
• 88% are under 40

Question 21

give an example of globalisation through colonialism

Answer 21

In the 19th century, the British Empire controlled 25% of the world’s population.

Question 22

what Percentage of the world population live outside their country of birth?

Answer 22

3%

Question 23

what Proportion of migrants are economic migrants?

Answer 23

Approximately 66%.

Question 24

name a country which encourages migration

Answer 24

singapore

Question 25

list two countries with restrictive migration policies

Answer 25

australia japan

Question 26

when was the EU Schengen Agreement made?

Answer 26

1995

Question 27

what did the EU Schengen Agreement do?

Answer 27

- abolished many internal EU border controls - enabled passport free movement

Question 28

what were the downsides of the EU Schengen Agreement? give a specific example

Answer 28

- easier to access cheaper labour - allows free movement of criminal and terrorists e/g/ Paris 2015 terrorist attack - 130 dead

Question 29

how many Schengen countries are there?

Answer 29

26

Question 30

when did 6 countries in the Schengen Agreement reintroduce borders? what were some of these countries?

Answer 30

- 2016 - france. germany, norway

Question 31

what % of japans population ar immigrants?

Answer 31

1.7% (usually minimum 5% for advanced economies)

Question 32

what % of japans population are 65+?

Answer 32

27%

Question 33

why does Japan struggle to globalise?

Answer 33

- Japanese = not a well spoken language - close-door migration policies

Question 34

describe Australias immigration policy

Answer 34

- skills-based: they accept 70% of immigrants based off skill shortages e.g. medicine and engineering

Question 35

what % of Australian immigrants are under 40?

Answer 35

88%

Question 36

what is the median age in Australia?

Answer 36

37

Question 37

what are the UKs two main sources of international migrants?

Answer 37

- the EU - the commonwealth

Question 38

what caused the influx of afro-caribbean migrants into the UK and when?

Answer 38

- 1945 job shortages in factories/NHS/transport after the war - caused migrants arrive in 1948

Question 39

when did migration in the EU increase?

Answer 39

after the 1992 Maastricht agreement

Question 40

give some examples of when natural hazards caused migration

Answer 40

- Haiti earthquake. 2010 displaced 300,000 - hurricane Matthew displaced 55,000 in 2016 - climate refugees

Question 41

what are the small scale /local pull factors for migration?

Answer 41

- drawn to areas tie existing diasporas due to home culture being present e.g. food, places of worship, language speakers - job opportunities - often concentrated in urban centres

Question 42

what are the global causes of migration?

Answer 42

- environment e.g. climate disasters - technology allowing transport - economic betterment

Question 43

in 2015 how many migrants crossed the mediterranean to reach Europe?

Answer 43

over 1 million

Question 44

what was the cost of migrants crossing the mediterranean?

Answer 44

smugglers demanded £3000 per person - 120 aboard 1 boat - cramped and dangerous conditions

Question 45

what are the reasons that attitudes towards migration may vary between countries?

Answer 45

- demographics - resource lack - cannot support more migrants - xenophobic attitudes driving nationalist policies e.g. reform UK - border controls

Question 46

Why might demographics impact attitudes towards migration?

Answer 46

- some countries might want to balance out an ageing population - she might already have high populations or suffer the consequences of hyper urbanisation e.g. slums + pressure on services

Question 47

what is a melting pot?

Answer 47

a new culture created by lots of other cultures being blended together

Question 48

what is assimilation?

Answer 48

adoption of the host culture by a migrant group

Question 49

what Is acculturation?

Answer 49

the response of a migrant group in a host society e.g. assimilation

Question 50

describe singapores immigration policy

Answer 50

divides immigrants workers untie 'foreign workers' and 'foreign talents' (people with qualifications

Question 51

when were the Notting Hill riots and what were they?

Answer 51

1958 - against black migrants

Question 52

what type of social discrimination occurs in the Netherlands?

Answer 52

islamophobia

Question 53

what % of the population do turks make up in Germany?

Answer 53

3.7%

Question 54

what events fits the description of 'the wrongful deportation of mostly Caribbean migrants'?

Answer 54

the 2018 windrush scandal - 83 migrants deported

Question 55

what \5 of germans helped integrate refugees in the 2015 migrant crisis?

Answer 55

46%

Question 56

how many migrants entered Germany in the 2015 migrant crisis?

Answer 56

over 1.1 million

Question 57

what act was out in place in Britain in 1948? what did it do?

Answer 57

British nationality act - granted citizenship to colonial subjects

Question 58

give an example of an anti-immigrant political figure

Answer 58

enoch powell - rivers of blood speech

Question 59

what % of seat did AfD hold in 2021?

Answer 59

10%

Question 60

what did WWII cause?

Answer 60

labour shortages and therefore the mass recruitment of migrant workers across Europe

Question 61

how many immigrants of German decent immigrated to germany in 1990 and why?

Answer 61

- roughly 400,000 - declining German population prompted pro-migration policies from 1975-85

Question 62

what are the economic consequences of internal migration for London? what has been the population increase?

Answer 62

population increased 0.3 million since 2016 - house prices tripled since 1995

Question 63

what % of USA population are immigrants?

Answer 63

14.3%

Question 64

why are Japan anti-immigration?

Answer 64

fear that migrants will disrupt their harmony and cooporation - cultural erosion fears

Question 65

in 2015 how many Mexican immigrants were the USA?

Answer 65

over 11.7 million

Question 66

what % of US republican voters said that immigrants are a burden? what about democrats? what does this show?

Answer 66

- 63% of republicans - 32% of democrats - shows how political beliefs have an impact on attitudes towards migration

Question 67

who projects an anti-immigration stance concerning the mexico-US border? how?

Answer 67

trump - speeches mainly e.g. 'they're bringing drugs. they're bringing crime'

Question 68

what are the political oppositions to immigration in the USA?

Answer 68

ICE + trump

Question 69

how many people were living in a country they weren’t born in in 1990 and 2020?

Answer 69

- 1990:153 million - 2020 it was estimated 281 million

Question 70

give an example of forced migration

Answer 70

8.1 million refugees fleeing Ukraine in 2022

Question 71

what are the advantages of Free Movement of Labour?

Answer 71

- Business profits increase due to a fall in wages - businesses have a choice of who to employ - Highly skilled workers are in demand and command higher wages - Trickle down wealth from core regions to the peripheries - branch offices and factories - People have a choice of where to work and live

Question 72

what are the disadvantages of Free Movement of Labour?

Answer 72

- Loss of talent - 'brain drain' - Changing economic activity and loss of income or unemployment - Businesses lose profits when having to pay higher wages to skilled employees - Increased competition for jobs and many people have multiple jobs in order to survive

Question 73

what is our example of a country with high assimilation due to open policies?

Answer 73

singapore - a multicultural “melting pot”.

Question 74

What are ethnic enclaves?

Answer 74

Areas where migrants cluster and maintain cultural traditions (e.g., Chinatown, Little Italy)

Question 75

what problems do highly segregated places experience?

Answer 75

deprivation, inequality and discrimination --> leads to some ethnic groups suffering above average rates of health issues, poverty and unemployment

Question 76

what is the Key cost for the USA of Mexico-us migration?

Answer 76

Job competition for low‑skilled American workers.

Question 77

what proportion of migrants are economic migrants?

Answer 77

2/3

Question 78

how do Mexican immigrants benefit the USA economically?

Answer 78

Mexican immigrants contribute approximately 4% to the US's GDP

Question 79

what are the reasons that some countries have little/no control over their borders?

Answer 79

- Long borders, particularly coastlines e.g. Greece has a lot of islands - Conflict which reduces central government control over its country - International conflict which motivates people to migrate, which can create an underground market for trafficking - Ukraine/Russia conflict

Question 80

Why migrants from LDEs face barriers

Answer 80

Lack of money, skills or education required by HDEs.

Question 81

give an example of conflict‑driven illegal migration

Answer 81

Ukraine–Russia conflict increasing smuggling and displacement