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SOVREIGNITY + EQ2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Explain the changes in African borders that took place between 1880 and 1913

A

From 1880 to 1913 there was a huge increase in direct control by European powers. This was driven by a desire for raw materials to feed industrial growth, but also by the Berlin Conference in 1884, where European powers divided up the continent to avoid conflicts. For example, Belgium claimed a large section of central Africa around the Congo River
This also resulted in a reduction in independent African states, as European powers were able to use their superior firearms and population numbers to subdue or coerce local power structures, as the British did against the Sokoto Caliphate to claim Nigeria. (=Fulani War 1903)

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2
Q

Evaluate the role of physical geography in the creation of African borders by 1913

A

Most African borders were set as a result of historical conflicts and agreements, but physical geography had an underlying influence on both of these. (could be placed at the start, or the end)
Several borders follow geometric lines, such as that separating Egypt and Libya. This was the result of a decision between the colonial powers, in this case the Italians and British. However, straight lines were only practical because physical geography had led to very low population densities in these areas, as the Sahara Desert did between Egypt and Libya.
By 1913, almost all borders were between two states, rather than marking the extent of a state’s power into unclaimed land, as in the Wadai Empire in 1880. This was due to the forceful expansion of colonial direct rule over the continent, as a result of the Berlin Conference and a desire to protect trade in raw materials. However, European claims were influenced by physical features, such as coasts and rivers, that allowed easy access for trade. For example, other than Bechuanaland, all British territories in 1880 were either coastal, or connected to the coast by major rivers, such as the Nile, which flowed from Uganda.

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3
Q

what is nationalism?

A

identification with one’s own nation and support for its interests, especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other nations.

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4
Q

what is an empire?

A

a large state controlling multiple territories or people

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5
Q

what is colonialism?

A

the policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically.

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6
Q

what is a scramble?

A

rapid colonization

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7
Q

what is Neo-colonialism?

A

the use of economic, political, cultural, or other pressures to control or influence other countries, especially former colonies, even after they gain formal independence, maintaining a relationship of dependence and exploitation without direct military rule

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8
Q

what is genocide?

A

the deliberate, systematic destruction of a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group

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9
Q

water is heterogeneity?

A

diversity - the opposite of uniformity - homogeneity

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10
Q

what does territorial mean?

A

the attachment, control, or claim over a specific geographical area (a territory) by individuals, groups, or states, often involving establishing and defending boundaries

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11
Q

when was the Berlin conference?

A

1884-85

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12
Q

what did the Berlin conference establish? what happened? what were its aims?

A

European countries divided Africa up between them, marking the end of the informal empire in Africa and the move to direct colonial control
- distributed raw materials and water resources
- aim was to reduce the chances of war between European countries as they had overlapping spheres of influence

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13
Q

what happened in Rwanda in 1994?

A

the Rwandan genocide

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14
Q

how many people died in the Rwandan genocide?

A

roughly 800,000

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15
Q

what were the colonial causes of the Rwandan genocide?

A
  • identity cards for Tutsis and Hutus created by the Belgians
  • Belgians preference the tutsis, giving them better jobs and economic opportunities–> this created resentment from the Hutus
  • Hutus rioted and the Tutsis fled to Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi
  • 1994 = tutsis shoot down the plane of the Hutu Rwandan president Paul Kagame
  • hutus responded with genocide
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16
Q

when did the Rwandan genocide end and why?

A

after 100 days because the Tutsis resorted the civil war and seized government control

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17
Q

what were the ethnic causes of the Rwandan genocide?

A
  • Long‑standing tensions between Hutu majority and Tutsi minority
  • RPF invasion in 1990
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18
Q

what was the RPF invasion in 1990?

A

The Tutsi‑led Rwandan Patriotic Front’s attack from Uganda was used by Hutu extremists to justify anti‑Tutsi fearmongering.

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19
Q

how did the media contribute to the Rwandan genocide?

A

Extremist propaganda portraying Tutsis as existential enemies
Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines (RTLM) and political parties framed Tutsis as “cockroaches” and traitors.

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20
Q

what were the economic causes of the Rwandan genocide?

A

the 1889 collapse of world coffee prices (coffee made up 70–80% of Rwanda’s export earnings) pushed Hutu peasants into poverty
- Tutsis were blamed by extremists
- poverty drives people into action

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21
Q

how did political NGOs fail in the Rwandan genocide?

A

failed to intervene to prevent or stop it

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22
Q

what does the Rwandan case study show an example of?

A

the impacts of colonial border making

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23
Q

what can the Iran case study be used to show?

A

A border shaped by physical geography but contested for historical reasons

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24
Q

what are the physical borders between Iraq and Iran?

A
  • the shatt al Arab waterway
  • the Zagros mountains
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25
what does the Iraq-iran case study show about physical borders?
that they are not always problematic and do not always cause conflict
26
what conflict has there been about the iraq iran border?
- Disputes over the Shatt al‑Arab waterway - The Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988) - Sunni‑led Iraq vs. Shia‑led Iran
27
how has the Shatt al‑Arab waterway caused conflict?
Iran and Iraq disagreed over whether the border should lie: Along the Iranian bank (Iraq’s claim), or Along the thalweg — the deepest part of the river (Iran’s claim).
28
explain the Iraq-Iran war
- Saddam Hussein claimed Iran violated the 1975 Algiers Agreement. - Iraq invaded Iran in 1980, partly to seize full control of the Shatt al‑Arab.
29
how did Sunni‑led Iraq vs. Shia‑led Iran cause conflict?
Iraq was Sunni under Saddam Hussein: - Iraq’s Shia population lived mostly in the south, close to the Iran border. - Saddam worried that Iran would inspire or support Shia uprisings inside Iraq.
30
which group within Iraq was discriminated against? when?
the Kurds - the 1990 Gulf War
31
how can Rwanda and Iraq be used to show fractionalisation within countries?
- ethnic reasons - colonial borders - religious differences - economic reasons
32
what is a permeable border?
a border with few border checks
33
how are borders helpful?
- help sets limits - help different cultures develop - these help to prevent movement (historically)
34
what is a state?
a indépendant political entity with clear geographic boundaries
35
what is a nation?
a large population that shares the same culture, language, traditions, history...
36
what is a nation state?
a sovereign state of which most of the citizens or subjects are united also by factors which define a nation, such as language or common descent.
37
what is nationalism?
identification with one's own nation and support for its interests, especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other nations.
38
National sovereign states vary greatly in their ethnic, cultural and linguistic unity?
due to: History of its population growth Degree of isolation Role of migration
39
what are some reason that countries retain relatively homogenous (single) cultural traits?
- They are physically isolated - Iceland's location has limited migration - They are politically isolated - North Korean policies limit interaction with foreign nations
40
what are our examples of 'true nation states'
- Iceland - portugal - Japan
41
what are the characteristics of a 'true' nation state
- very un-ethnically diverse countries - low scores on the ethnic fractionalisation index - all are small islands e.g. Bermuda, Comoros, East Timor
42
why are islands often true nation states?
they are physically isolated + hard to reach - historically expensive and time consuming to travel there
43
what is the ethnic composition of Iceland?
94% descendant of norse and Celtic 6% foreign origin
44
outline the Icelandic culture
- language unchanged since 870 - 74% of the population are covered by the Evangelic Lutheran church of iceland - all names taken from a list of those found in Icelandic sagas (stories of viking ancestors)
45
what is the ethnic composition of Portugal?
96.3% portugese
46
what is our fact about Portuguese culture?
they have one of the oldest borders in the world (around 1000 year sold) - long history of independence conquest
47
when was Singapore first established and why?
1819 as a British colonial trading post
48
what did Singapores population grow?
mainly due to immigration from china, India, and Malaysia
49
how was Singapore historically divided?
By race - Chinatown - Chinese - European town: Europeans + wealthy asians Chulia Kampon: Indian Hindus and Sikhs
50
when did Singapore become independent?
1965
51
why does Singapore have difficulty creating a national identity?
has a vibrant mix of cultures
52
what are the percentage makeups of Singapore?
74% Chinese 13% malay 9% indian
53
how much did Singapores populations increase due to migration?
Singapore’s population grew from 1.9 million (1965) to 3 million (1990)
54
which statistic shows the increase of foreign workers in singapore?
Foreign workers made up only ~3% of the labour force in 1970, but this rose to over 30% by the mid‑1990s
55
why is Iceland considered a true nation state?
- one of the most geographically isolated countries - its isolation preserved: Language (Icelandic is close to Old Norse), Culture and traditions, Genetic homogeneity - strict language laws, citizenship requirements, cultural preservation policies
56
why is Singapore not considered a true nation state?
- ethnic mix of language, traditions - lots of immigration - Short historical timeline --> identity is modern and deliberately shaped
57
how is Iraq ethnically and religiously fragmented?
- Arabs – ~75–80% of the population - Kurds – ~15–20% - Turkmen – ~3–5% - Shia Muslims – ~60–65% - Sunni Muslims – ~30–35%
58
how was Rwanda ethnically fragmented?
tensions between Tutsis and Hutus
59
what is sovereignty?
the supreme, independent authority a state or governing body has over its own territory and people
60
what is legitimacy?
the public acceptance or belief that a rule, institution, or leader has the right to govern, make decisions, and enforce rules
61
what is a secessionist movement?
when one part of a state seeks to break away to become independent e.g. Bougainville
62
what is a sovereign state?
the internationally legally recognised government that has the utmost control over the laws and borders of a territory
63
what is an independence movement?
when a nation seeks to self-govern rather than being administered as part of an empire
64
what is tax evasion?
the illegal non-paying or underpaying of tax
65
what is tax avoidance?
the legal utilisation of the tax regime to ones advantage to reduce the amount of tax you pay - uses legal loopholes
66
what is a tax haven?
a country/jurisdiction with extremely low/zero tax rates for TNCs and foreign individuals - weak regulation - shelter from government taxation
67
what is a tax regime?
a set of rules, laws, and policies that govern how taxes are calculated, collected, and enforced within a jurisdiction
68
what has driven/encouraged the growth of low-tax regimes?
- globalisation
69
how has globalisation encouraged the growth of low-tax regimes?
reduced restrictions on who can invest encourages FDI - this allows for freer movement of money encourages TNCs to move parts/all of their operations to those low tax rate countries
70
who do tax havens benefit the most?
- TNCs - rich expatriates
71
give three examples of states which have implemented low tax regimes
- the cayman islands - luxembourg - ireland
72
what is the personal tax rate in the Cayman Islands?
0%
73
- how many companies were registered in the Cayman Islands in 2022? - how many are banks and trust companies? - how many are the largest investment banks in the world?
- almost 117,000 - just under 600 - 43/50
74
what is corporate tax rate in Ireland compared to the UK?
- ireland = 12.5% - UK = 19%
75
who supports tax havens?
- most governments - intergovernmental organisations
76
who opposes tax havens? why?
- NGOs as they allow tax avoidance and reduce investment in LDEs (Less Developed Economies) - they also encourage corruption
77
how can tax avoidance be achieved in tax havens?
- corporate profit-shifting: when a TNCs headquarters is registered in a low tax country + the profits are registered there - the wealthy living in tax havens - the wealthy investing their money in a trust in a tax haven
78
list the advantages of tax havens
- increase TNC profits - provide homes for the wealthy + provide benefits for them and their employees - can develop quickly and recover from recessions quickly - governments and IGOs are accepting of them - they offer a centralised tax centre
79
how do tax havens increase TNC profits?
they pay less taxes if they are registered in another country which has a low tax regime
80
why are IGOs and governments supportive of tax havens?
they deliver economic growth and boosts
81
how is a centralised tax centre better than taxing TNCs in multiple countries?
makes operations easier to manage and control
82
list the disadvantages of tax havens
- investing money abroad reduces the money available to invest in their own countries - paying little tax in a country leaves that government with less money for domestic services e.g. health and education - corruption in HDEs + LDEs - resistant from NGOs - increased inequalities due to minimal taxes being paid
83
list three companies which have been involved in tax avoidance
- amazon - Facebook - Starbucks
84
how did amazon commit tax avoidance and when?
- amazon paid no tax in Europe in 2020 despite registering $44billion in sales - its 'loss' was registered through spreading internal payments to other parts of the company
85
how did facebook commit tax avoidance and when?
- paid £4.16million in UK corporation tax in 2015 BUT - under £5000 was paid in 2014 (promoted an outcry for campaigners who said they paid too little)
86
how did starbucks commit tax avoidance and when?
- 2009-2012 Starbucks reported no profit + paid no income tax on sales of £1.2 billion in the UK
87
what was the tax avoidance scandal around BHS?
- Philip green bought BHS for £200 million in 2000 - he also bought Arcadia in 2004 for £800m - his wife became the legal owner of both companys -> since she is a Monaco resident no income tax was due on the £1.2 billion payout
88
What type of tax does the Cayman Islands NOT impose on corporations or individuals?
income tax
89
Where does the Cayman Islands rank among global financial centres?
5th largest
90
How many of the world’s top 50 banks operate in the Cayman Islands?
40/50
91
What share of global GDP is managed as wealth in the Cayman Islands?
10%
92
What proportion of Cayman GDP comes from financial services?
around 50%
93
What is a key source of profit within Cayman financial services?
transaction fees
94
Which demographic has driven increased tourism to the Cayman Islands?
the super rich
95
What is the approximate annual value of tourism in the Cayman Islands?
$35 million
96
Tourism contributes roughly what proportion of Cayman GDP?
Around 50%
97
What two sectors together make up nearly all of Cayman GDP?
Financial services and tourism
98
Why are the Cayman Islands attractive for global finance firms?
High secrecy and no income tax
99
What global economic role do the Cayman Islands play?
A major offshore financial hub
100
why does Greece have difficulty collecting taxes?
due to its High corruption and weak financial controls
101
What behaviour by individuals and businesses significantly reduces Greece’s tax revenue?
tax evasion
102
How much GDP does Greece lose annually to illegal tax evasion?
6–9% of GDP
103
What is the estimated annual value of tax evasion losses in Greece in dollars?
Up to $16 billion
104
How much bailout funding did Greece receive between 2010 and 2014?
$289 billion
105
Which institutions provided Greece’s bailout loans?
EU, IMF, and European Central Bank
106
What economic policy conditions were attached to Greece’s bailout loans?
Spending cuts (austerity)
107
What happened to Greece’s GDP as a result of austerity measures?
it shrank
108
What was Greece’s unemployment rate in 2014?
25%
109
What social reaction occurred in Greece due to austerity measures?
Anti-austerity riots
110
Which far-right group gained support during Greece’s economic crisis?
golden dawn
111
What major economic weakness made Greece vulnerable during the debt crisis?
weak financial controls
112
What combination of factors forced Greece into austerity?
Large bailout loans and strict repayment conditions
113
What is the link between globalisation and tax havens?
Tax havens facilitate and exacerbate globalisation’s uneven distribution of wealth and capital in favour of more developed nations, wealthy elites and TNCs.
114
how much money is lost annually to offshore tax dodge schemes?
$100 billion
115
how much money in china is lost to tax avoidance?
over $1 trillion
116
describe the characteristics of countries which are often tax havens
- small - islands
117
how much of global wealth do tax havens account for?
tax havens account for almost 1/3 of global wealth
118
how do tax havens increase global inequalities
they encourage the accumulation of global wealth
119
how might borders be established?
- social characteristics/people groups e.g. farming - physical barriers e.g mountains, resources, landscapes
120
how are borders culturally beneficial?
they allow different cultures to develop
121
define nationalism
a political ideology that emphasises the loyalty and devotion of a group of people to their nation, often defined by a common culture, language, history, or territory
122
define The development of empires
the process of expanding the political, economic, military, and cultural influence of a state or a civilisation over other regions or peoples
123
how can Nationalism motivate imperial expansion of a nation?
by creating a sense of pride, superiority, and destiny among its citizens, as well as a desire to spread their values and civilisation to other parts of the world
124
how can nationalism challenge the imperial domination of a nation? give an example
by inspiring resistance movements and independence struggles among the colonised or oppressed peoples, who seek to assert their own identity and sovereignty --> Many countries in Africa sought independence during the mid 20th century as a resistance to colonial rule
125
give an example of how wars and revolutions in Europe helped to form a nation
War with France in 1871 united the small states of German speaking people to form Germany
126
where did industrialisation help France to expand its empire?
- Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos in Asia - French Polynesia in the South Pacific - Much of north west and central Africa and Madagascar
127
what was the 'Scramble for Africa'?
A term used to refer to the expansion of European empires into Africa during the Age of Imperialism -- European nations raced to capture as much territory as possible, in order to expand to their empires
128
how did the 'Scramble for Africa' create tensions?
- empires competing for land - resent of indigenous colonies
129
how did the British Raj help create nationalism in India?
Opposition to rule of the British Raj in India led to uniting many Indians together despite cultural and ethnic differences
130
what was the result of the nationalism created by the British raj in India?
the rise of Independence movements - these colonies beginning to seek independence from British colonial rule was called the wind of change
131
when was the wind of change?
1960s
132
What caused the emergence of new nation states after 1945?
The disintegration of European empires as colonies sought independence after WWII.
133
What was the ‘Wind of Change’?
Harold Macmillan’s term describing the rapid push for African independence in the 1960s
134
Why did European powers give up colonies after WWII?
High administrative costs, war debts, rising anti‑colonial sentiment and global pressure.
135
Why did some new states remain in the Commonwealth?
They kept the British monarch as symbolic head while gaining political independence.
136
how can Vietnam be used in this topic?
as an example for independence struggles, which were costly in terms of the environment, economy and human life
137
when did the French withdraw from Vietnam?
1954
138
How was Vietnam divided after French withdrawal in 1954?
Split along the 17th Parallel into communist North and Western‑aligned South.
139
what was the human cost of the Vietnam War?
Over 3 million deaths, including 58,000 Americans
140
what were the environmental impacts of the Vietnam War?
Severe damage from chemical weapons and 7 million tons of US bombs.
141
which Social factors drive independence movements?
Rising education levels, population growth, and anti‑colonial activism.
142
which economic factors drive independence movements?
Declining reliance on colonial raw materials and high costs of empire.
143
which political factors drive independence movements?
Global anti‑imperial sentiment and Cold War superpower influence.
144
Why did post‑colonial economies struggle to develop?
They were structured for raw material export, not industrial development.
145
what were the common outcomes of rapid decolonisation?
- a lack of economic stability - corruption - power vacuum
146
Why does migration between former colonies and imperial powers often remain strong?
- Shared language - culture - legal ties - labour demand.
147
give two examples of migration between former colonies and imperial powers often remaining strong
Migration from Jamaica and India to the UK Northwest Africa (Maghreb region) to France
148
Why did Indian doctors migrate to the UK after the war?
- lack of trained doctors after the war - Indian medical schools used British textbooks, making transition easy.
149
what did the migration of Indian doctors to the UK after war contribute to?
british cultural heterogeneity
150
what is a failed state?
a state where the political or economic system has become so weak that the national government is no longer in control and cannot maintain security or law and order
151
what are 4 arguments for why the world IS becoming more unequal?
- spatial inequalities exist between the rich and the poor - high earners such as the global elite accumulate more and more wealth - the 1% richest have the same amount of money as the poorest 50% - the existence of ultra high net worth individuals (UHNWs)
152
what does the elephant graph show?
the impact of globalisation on inequality between and within nations
153
how does the elephant graph support the idea that the world is becoming more unequal?
there are lower incomes for lower earners in the USA + UK
154
what are 6 arguments for why the world IS NOT becoming more unequal?
- less absolute poverty - higher development - fewer deaths - lower infant mortality - irradiation of polio and small pox - global shift
155
which world theory supports the idea that the world is not becoming more unequal and how?
modernisation theory - suggests that global inequality is a temporary, transitional phase rather than a permanent state
156
how does the elephant graph support the idea that the world is not becoming more unequal?
the majority have benefitted from globalisation e.e.g the middle class - change in real incomes: have increased for the majority - e.g. over 50million lifted from poverty in China
157
how much has the % of national income going to the top 10% of earners increased since 1980?
1980 = roughly 30% 2016 = over 40% - roughly a 10% increase
158
where is an exception to the trend of increasing global inequality?
the Middle East - inequality has decreased - HOWEVER they are still the region with the highest no. of inequalities
159
where would you find the worlds poorest people on the elephant graph?
the far left at the bottom
160
where would you find the global middle class on the elephant graph?
the elephants back
161
where would you find the looters of globalisation on the elephant graph?
the bottom of the dip/trough - in minus values
162
where would you find the global elite/top 1% on the elephant graph?
the tip of the trunk
163
why do the losers of globalisation on the elephant graph have such low incomes?
their incomes were reduced due to outsourcing and offshoring
164
which region does not support the process of globalisation?
Latin America
165
what were the political changes in Latin America in relation to 'alternative pathways' and when?
by 2010 - 8 South American and 4 Central American countries had elected left-wing governments - this signified a movement away from open-market principles
166
which countries in latin America have re-elected right wing governments since 2015?
Argentina and Guatelmala
167
which is our case study for 'alternative pathways' opposing globalisation? why does this country oppose globalisation?
- Bolivia - globalisation causes inequalities
168
when was Evo Morales elected Bolivian president?
2006
169
what was Evo Morales plan of action to combat globalisation in Bolivia?
- recession of Neo-liberalism - undo 20 years of privatisation - undo IMF influence
170
why did Evo Morales want to undo privatisation in Bolivia?
he believed that it had only resulted in high profits for TNCs, which then leaked out of the country
171
what were the 3 policies in Bolivias 'National Coalition for Change'? when was this? explain each?
2007 - nationalisation of resources so that profits went to the gov. and not private shareholders - import substitution - redistribution of wealth to peasant classes by guaranteeing prices for good products
172
what was import substitution in Bolivia?
reducing primary imports and instead using the natural resources available to boost domestic manufacturing of previously imported products
173
what do the 'National Coalition for Change' policies rely on?
the nationalisation of Bolivias oil and gas industries
174
what % of oil and gas value did TNCs take from Bolivia before Morales intervened? what share does the government now take? what did this result in?
TNCs previously took 82% - the gov.now takes 80% of the value - this means that the state is the largest player in the economy
175
where were the benefits of the 'National Coalition for Change' policies for Bolivians?
- improved health care, incomes, pensions, and education enrolment - fewer wealth inequalities + less government debt - increased gas, electricity and telecommunications connections
176
how much did gas connections increases in Bolivia after the implementation of 'National Coalition for Change' policies?
835%
177
how much did electricity connections increases in Bolivia after the implementation of 'National Coalition for Change' policies?
150%
178
how much did telecommunications connections increases in Bolivia after the implementation of 'National Coalition for Change' policies?
300%
179
when was Morales re-elected and with what % of votes?
2014 over 60% of the vote
180
how does Morales claim to be governing Bolivia?
by 'obeying the people rather than the global economy'
181
why have inequalities and political tensions increased between South Africas ethnic groups?
- in-migration of overseas businesses - FDI - the opening of South Africa to global markets
182
what are 2 negative consequences of increasing global inequalities?
- increased conflicts e.g. LICs being exploited by HICs - increased economic inequalities can lead to more social inequalities + lower standards of living
183
what are the examples of conflicts caused by post-colonialism?
- kashmir - Israel palestine - northern Cyprus
184
what are the examples of conflicts caused by post-communism?
russia/ukraine taiwan
185
what are the positive overlappings of globalisation and colonialism?
- investment in infrastructure - both countries get access to manufactured goods - spread of culture e.g.cuba
186
what are the negative overlappings of globalisation and colonialism?
- resources can be exploited from other countries e.g. Tanzania and Zambia/ the panguna mine - cultural erosion - colonial powers may try to leave individuals in power who share their ideas - an be good or bad: good = democracy can be achieved e.g. Indi. Bad = countries are often left unstable e.g. Bougainville - civil war/corruption
187
what is a resource curse?
when countries with abundant natural resources often experience lower economic growth and less democracy and poorer development outcomes than countries with fewer natural resources
188
what is imperialism?
s policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonisation/military force/other means
189
list the reasons why nationalism is only a recent phenomenon
pre 16th century European people rarely viewed themselves in terms of nationality because: - their 'world' was small - enough.g. villages + they associated themselves with their immediate neighbours - they identified with their immediate surroundings - territories were often defined by religion/alliances/family dynasties - people rarely travelled therefore their community was their world
190
give 4 examples of the emergence of European nation states
- ending of the war of the roses led to the Tudor dynasty + the idea of an English nation state: 1485 - Ivan the terrible unified local provincial governments and created the first Russian nation state: 1547-1584 - the French Revolution - the French monarchy was replaced by a republic government, leading to the growth of nationalist ideas across Europe: 1789 - 1871 = the unification of many small independent states resulted in the formation of Germany and Italy
191
how does nationalism contribute to the collapse of empires?
colonies are inspired to fight/campaign for self governance/ to run themselves as their own nations
192
how does nationalism conflict with globalisation?
- globalisation reçues barriers between countries - nationalism can justify increased barriers if they're seen to be In the best interests e.g. migration policies
193
how might nationalism have contributed to genocide like Croatia and Rwanda?
- groups believing a country could be run by one group might think that other groups being present in that country is a problem
194
how did WWII inspire nationalist movements?
European nations were weakened and many of their colonies which had contributed to the war/lost troops pushed for self-governance by citing the importance of their shared national identity
195
how did nationalism contribute to the start of WWI/WWII?
- WWI: disagreements over overlapping new nationalities and old empires - WWII: disagreements over the extent of German and Japanese national claims/territories
196
what are three impacts of colonial control on liberated countries? give examples for each
-divisions within arbiter borders e.g. sudan - disagreements over post-independence political direction e.g. Vietnam - continued influence of some elements of old European nationality e.g. closer ties (commonwealth games) + migration from former colonies to the old colonial power e.g. Indians and Jamaicans to the UK
197
what are the nationalist causes of decolonisation?
- nationalist leaders - post WWII national self-determination became an objective for many countries and International organisations
198
give an example of a nationalist leader
- Jomo Kenyatta of Kenya
199
what are the causes of decolonisation which were due to globalisation?
- Europes was heading towards tertiary and quaternary sector employment and therefore no longer needed raw materials
200
what are the causes of decolonisation which were due to changing attitudes towards colonialism?
- the Atlantic charter agreement agreed to give autonomy to colonies after WWII - growing concern for injustice of colonial rule amongst young europeans led to more protests and demonstrations against it
201
who spoke about 'winds of change'?
Macmillan
202
what are two case studies which can be used to show the costs of transitions to independence of post-colonial colonies?
vietnam south sudan
203
describe vietnams colonial background
- formed part of the former French Indochina - was converted to export orientated plantations - rice/tobacco/tea - plantation workers lacked healthcare, education and food - cash crops increased rural poverty
204
who led nationalist movements in Vietnam and when?
Ho Chi Minh post 1945
205
when and why did colonial rule in Vietnam end?
- 1954 after a French defeat
206
describe the split in vietnam
- 17th parallel - due to the Cold War - north = communist china = south = capitalist USA
207
why was there conflict in Vietnam?
- proxy war - due to the division along the 17th parallel - vietnam kated to be unified
208
what were the costs of the Vietnam proxy war?
- millions of Vietnamese deaths - over 60k US deaths
209
describe the colonial background of south sudan
- the 1884-85 Berlin conference created artificial borders across Africa: sudan was split into notch and south - north = Arab/muslim under modernised British and Egyptian rule - south = black African and christian under indirect rule - 'divide and rule' tactics deepened ethnic and religious divisions - the south was left underdeveloped/fragmented/politically marginalised - post independence sudan inherited these creating long term instability
210
what conflicts were there in south sudan due to colonial rule?
2013-2017: post independence civil war - tens of thousands displaced - over 1 million affected by famine
GEOGRAPHY
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