1
Q
Abdominal fat
A
See Visceral fat.
2
Q
Abdominal obesity
A
Excessive storage of abdominal fat, usually indicated by a waist circumference of greater than or equal to 40 inches (102 cm) in men and greater than or equal to 35 inches (88 cm) in women.
3
Q
Abduction
A
Movement away from the midline of the body.
4
Q
Absolute strength
A
The maximal amount of weight an individual can lift one time.
5
Q
Absorption
A
The uptake of nutrients across a tissue or membrane by the gastrointestinal tract.
6
Q
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR)
A
The range of intake for a particular energy source that is associated with reduced risk of chronic disease while providing intakes of essential nutrients.
7
Q
Acclimatization
A
Physiological adaptation to an unfamiliar environment and achievement of a new steady state.
8
Q
Acetylcholine
A
A white crystalline neurotransmitter and derivative of choline that is released at the ends of nerve fibers in the somatic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
9
Q
Actin
A
Thin contractile protein in a myofibril.
10
Q
Action
A
The stage of the transtheoretical model of behavior change during which the individual is actively engaging in a behavior that was started less than six months ago.
11
Q
Active listening
A
Mode of listening in which the listener is concerned about the content, intent, and feelings of the message.
12
Q
Active recovery
A
Continuing to move immediately after an exercise segment is completed but at a lower intensity.
13
Q
Activities of daily living (ADL)
A
Activities normally performed for hygiene, bathing, household chores, walking, shopping, and similar activities.
14
Q
Acute
A
Descriptive of a condition that usually has a rapid onset and a relatively short and severe course; opposite of chronic.
15
Q
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI)
A
A myocardial infarction resulting from acute obstruction of a coronary artery.
16
Q
Adduction
A
Movement toward the midline of the body.
17
Q
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
A
A high-energy phosphate molecule required to provide energy for cellular function.
18
Q
Adequate Intake (AI)
A
A recommended nutrient intake level that, based on research, appears to be sufficient for good health.
19
Q
Adherence
A
The extent to which people follow their plans or treatment recommendations.
20
Q
Adhesion
A
A fibrous band of scar tissue forming between two surfaces.
21
Q
Adipocyte
A
A fat cell.
22
Q
Adiponectin
A
A hormone related to energy metabolism regulation that facilitates the action of insulin.
23
Q
What are adipose cells?
A
Fat cells stored in fatty tissues in the body.
24
Q
What does it mean for a supplement to be adulterated?
A
One of its ingredients presents a ‘significant or unreasonable risk of illness or injury’ when used as directed.
25
Define aerobic.
In the presence of oxygen.
26
What is an affiliate in a business context?
A facility or business connected to a larger organization or company.
27
What is an affirmation?
A positive statement to accentuate a client's strengths or efforts.
28
What does agility refer to?
The ability to move quickly and easily; a skill-related component of physical fitness.
29
What is an agonist muscle?
The muscle directly responsible for the movement; also called the prime mover.
30
What is an agreement to participate?
A signed document indicating the client is aware of risks and potential injuries from participation.
31
What is air displacement plethysmography (ADP)?
A body-composition assessment technique using air instead of water to measure body volume.
32
Define allergen.
A substance that can cause an allergic reaction by stimulating type-1 hypersensitivity.
33
What causes altitude sickness?
Exercising at high altitude without acclimatizing, leading to reduced oxygen in the blood.
34
What are alveoli?
Spherical extensions of the respiratory bronchioles and primary sites of gas exchange.
35
What is ambient temperature?
The temperature of the surrounding air; room temperature.
36
Define ambivalence.
A state of having mixed feelings about a change.
37
What is the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers (ASCAP)?
One of two performing rights societies in the U.S. that represents music publishers.
38
What is an amino acid?
A nitrogen-containing compound that is one of the building blocks of protein.
39
What is the amortization phase in plyometrics?
The transition period between eccentric and concentric actions, crucial for power development.
40
Define anabolic.
Muscle-building effects.
41
What does anaerobic mean?
Without the presence of oxygen.
42
What is anaerobic efficiency?
The ability to use energy systems that do not require oxygen during physical activity.
43
What is anaerobic glycolysis?
A metabolic pathway using glucose for energy production without requiring oxygen.
44
What is the anatomical position?
Standing erect with arms by the side and hands, eyes, feet, and palms facing forward.
45
Define android in terms of body fat distribution.
Adipose tissue distributed in the abdominal area (apple-shaped individuals).
46
What is anemia?
A reduction in the number of red blood cells or lower hemoglobin per volume of blood.
47
What is an aneurysm?
A localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel, associated with a stroke when it bursts.
48
What is angina?
A symptom of coronary artery disease characterized by chest pain due to lack of blood flow.
49
What is angioplasty?
A surgical procedure to widen a blocked coronary artery using a catheter and balloon.
50
What is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist?
A class of drugs that prevents angiotensin II from binding to its receptors, allowing blood vessels to dilate.
51
Define angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor.
A class of drugs that reduces the activity of ACE, which converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II.
52
What is ankylosing spondylitis?
Inflammatory arthritis of the spine that may lead to stiffening of vertebral margins.
53
What characterizes anorexia?
An eating disorder with restriction of energy intake and intense fear of gaining weight.
54
Define antagonist in muscle function.
The muscle that acts in opposition to the contraction of an agonist muscle.
55
What is an antecedent in behavioral terms?
A variable or factor that precedes and influences a client's behavior.
56
What does anterior mean in anatomical terms?
Toward the front; same as ventral; opposite of posterior.
57
What is the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)?
A primary stabilizing ligament of the knee connecting the lateral femoral condyle to the medial tibial spine.
58
What are anterior shin splints?
Pain in the anterior compartment of the lower leg, often induced by exercise.
59
What is anthropometry?
The measurement of the size and proportions of the human body.
60
What is an antihistamine?
A class of drugs that blocks histamine receptors involved in the allergic response.
61
Define antioxidant.
A substance that prevents or repairs oxidative damage; includes vitamins C and E.
62
What is anxiety?
A state of uneasiness and apprehension; occurs in some mental disorders.
63
What is the aorta?
The major artery of the cardiovascular system, arising from the left ventricle.
64
What is apnea?
A temporary cessation or absence of breathing.
65
What comprises the appendicular skeleton?
The bones of the upper and lower limbs and the pectoral and pelvic girdles.
66
What is applied force?
An external force acting on a system.
67
What is arrhythmia?
A disturbance in the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat.
68
What is arrhythmia?
A disturbance in the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat
69
What is an arteriole?
Smallest artery that branches out from an artery and leads to capillaries; primary site of vascular resistance
70
What is arteriosclerosis?
A chronic disease in which thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of the arterial walls result in impaired blood circulation
71
What does an artery do?
Carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to vital organs and the extremities
72
Define arthritis.
Inflammation of a joint, a state characterized by the inflammation of joints
73
What is articulation?
A joint
74
What is the associative stage in motor learning?
The second stage in motor learning, where performers concentrate on the temporal and spatial characteristics of the skill
75
What is asthma?
A chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways affecting genetically susceptible individuals in response to various environmental triggers
76
What does asymptomatic mean?
Without the presence of symptoms
77
Define ataxia.
Failure of muscular coordination; irregularity of muscular action
78
What is atherogenesis?
Formation of atheromatous deposits, especially on the innermost layer of arterial walls
79
What is atherosclerosis?
A specific form of arteriosclerosis characterized by the accumulation of fatty material on the inner walls of the arteries
80
What is atherosclerotic heart disease?
The end result of the accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques within the coronary arteries
81
Who is an athletic trainer?
A healthcare professional who collaborates with physicians in providing immediate intervention for injuries and helps in prevention and rehabilitation
82
What are the atria?
One of the two upper chambers of the heart (right and left atrium)
83
What does atrophy refer to?
A reduction in muscle size (muscle wasting) due to inactivity or immobilization
84
What is auscultation?
Listening to the internal sounds of the body, usually using a stethoscope
85
What is autogenic inhibition?
An automatic reflex relaxation caused by stimulation of the Golgi tendon organ
86
Define autoimmune disease.
A group of disorders where tissue injury is associated with the body's responses to its own constituents
87
What is an automated external defibrillator (AED)?
A portable electronic device used to restore normal heart rhythms in victims of sudden cardiac arrest
88
What is the autonomic nervous system?
The part of the nervous system that regulates involuntary body functions
89
What is autonomous motivation?
Engaging in an activity out of free will and the desire to do so
90
What is the autonomous stage of learning?
The third stage of learning a motor skill when the skill has become habitual or automatic
91
What does autonomy refer to?
The capacity of a rational individual to make an informed, un-coerced decision
92
Define avascular.
Characterized by a lack of blood vessels
93
What is the axial skeleton?
The bones of the head, neck, and trunk
94
What is the axis of rotation?
The imaginary line or point about which an object, such as a joint, rotates
95
What is an axon?
A nerve fiber that conducts a nerve impulse away from the neuron cell body
96
What is balance in physical fitness?
The ability to maintain the body's position both statically and dynamically
97
What is ballistic stretching?
Dynamic stretching characterized by rhythmic bobbing or bouncing motions
98
What is bariatric surgery?
A variety of surgical procedures to induce weight loss
99
What is basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
The energy required to complete the sum total of the body's processes that are involuntary and necessary for living
100
What is the base of support?
The areas of contact between the feet and their supporting surface
101
What are basic activities of daily living?
Any daily activity performed for self-care
102
What is a behavior chain?
A sequence of events in which variables help to explain and reinforce a target behavior
103
What does benign mean?
Pertaining to a non-cancerous growth or tumor
104
What is a beta blocker?
Medication that limits sympathetic nervous system stimulation and slows the heart rate
105
What is a beta cell?
Endocrine cell in the pancreas responsible for synthesizing and secreting insulin
106
What is binge eating disorder?
An eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of eating large quantities of food and feeling a loss of control
107
Define bioavailability.
The degree to which a substance can be absorbed and efficiently utilized by the body
108
What is bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)?
A noninvasive body-composition assessment that involves passing a low-level electrical current through the body
109
What is blood pressure (BP)?
The pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of the arteries
110
What is Body Composition?
The makeup of the body in terms of the relative percentage of fat-free mass and body fat; a health-related component of physical fitness.
111
What is Body Fat?
A component of the body, the primary role of which is to store energy for later use.
112
What is Body Fat Percentage?
The proportion of body fat comprising the relative percentage of body fat, calculated by dividing the fat mass by the total body mass, then multiplying by 100.
113
What does Body Mass Index (BMI) measure?
A relative measure of body weight to body height used to determine levels of weight, from underweight to extreme obesity.
114
What is a Bolus?
A food and saliva digestive mix that is swallowed and then moved through the digestive tract.
115
What is Bone Density?
See Bone mineral density.
116
What is Bone Deposition?
A process in which calcium, phosphate, and other ions are taken from blood plasma and deposited in bone tissue.
117
Define Bone Formation.
The processes resulting in the formation of normal, healthy bone tissue, including remodeling and resorption.
118
What is Bone Mineral Density (BMD)?
A measure of the amount of minerals (mainly calcium) contained in a certain volume of bone.
119
What is Bone Resorption?
The dissolving of bone.
120
What are Branched-Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs)?
Essential amino acids that inhibit muscle protein breakdown and aid in muscle glycogen storage. The BCAAs are valine, leucine, and isoleucine.
121
What is Broadcast Music, Inc. (BMI)?
One of two performing rights societies in the U.S. that represent music publishers in negotiating and collecting fees for the nondramatic performance of music.
122
What are Bronchi?
The two large branches of the trachea leading into the lungs.
123
What is a Bronchiole?
The smallest tubes that supply air to the alveoli (air sacs) of the lungs.
124
Define Bronchitis.
Acute or chronic inflammation of the branched tubes.
125
What is Bronchoconstriction?
The constriction of the airways in the lungs caused by the tightening of surrounding smooth muscle, with consequent coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath.
126
What is a Bronchodilator?
Medication inhaled to dilate (enlarge) and relax the constricted bronchial smooth muscles.
127
What is Buffering Capacity?
The ability of muscles to neutralize the acids that accumulate in them during high-intensity exercise, thus delaying the onset of fatigue.
128
What is Bulimia?
An eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of uncontrolled binge eating and inappropriate compensatory behavior such as self-induced vomiting or excessive exercise.
129
What are Bursae?
A sac of fluid that is present in areas of the body where friction occurs.
130
Define Bursitis.
Swelling and inflammation in the bursae that results from overuse.
131
What is Calcaneal Eversion?
Movement of the plantar surface of the calcaneus laterally away from the midline of the body.
132
What is a Calcium Channel Blocker?
A class of blood pressure medication that relaxes and widens the blood vessels.
133
What is a Calorie?
A measurement of the amount of energy in a food available after digestion.
134
What is a Capillary?
The smallest type of blood vessel that supplies blood to the tissues and is the site of all gas and nutrient exchange in the cardiovascular system.
135
What is a Carbohydrate?
The body's preferred energy source, stored as glycogen in the muscles and liver and transported in the blood as glucose.
136
What is Carbohydrate Loading?
Up to a week-long regimen of manipulating intensity of training and carbohydrate intake to achieve maximum glycogen storage for an endurance event.
137
Define Cardiac Cycle.
The period from the beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next heartbeat; includes the systolic and diastolic phases.
138
What type of muscle is Cardiac Muscle?
A type of involuntary striated muscle tissue that makes up the walls of the heart.
139
What is Cardiac Output?
The amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute, usually expressed in liters.
140
What is Cardiac Reserve?
The work that the heart is able to perform beyond that required under ordinary circumstances.
141
What does Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) involve?
A procedure to support and maintain breathing and circulation for a person who has stopped breathing or whose heart has stopped.
142
What is Cardiorespiratory Fitness?
The ability to perform large muscle movement over a sustained period, related to the capacity of the heart-lung system to deliver oxygen.
143
What does Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) refer to?
A general term for any disease of the heart, blood vessels, or circulation.
144
What is Cardiovascular Drift?
Changes in observed cardiovascular variables during prolonged, submaximal exercise without a change in workload.
145
What is Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?
A pathology of the wrist and hand that occurs when the median nerve becomes compressed at the wrist.
146
What is Cartilage?
A smooth, semi-opaque material that absorbs shock and reduces friction between the bones of a joint.
147
What is Casein?
The main protein found in milk and other dairy products.
148
Define Catabolic.
Pertaining to the breaking down of tissue or catabolism.
149
What is Catabolic Metabolism?
Metabolic pathways that break down molecules into smaller units and release energy.
150
What are Catecholamines?
Hormones released as part of the sympathetic response to exercise, such as epinephrine and norepinephrine.
151
What is a C-Corporation?
A corporation designed to operate in multiple countries and with various types of investors.
152
What is Cellular Acidosis?
A decrease in muscle pH caused by the accumulation of protons in a muscle cell.
153
What is the Center of Gravity (COG)?
See Center of mass (COM).
154
What is the Center of Mass (COM)?
The point around which all weight is evenly distributed; also called center of gravity.
155
What does the Central Nervous System (CNS) include?
The brain and spinal cord.
156
What is Cerebrovascular Disease?
One of a group of brain dysfunctions related to diseases of the blood vessels supplying the brain.
157
What does Certification indicate?
A credential indicating that an individual or organization has met a specific set of standards.
158
What is Change Talk?
Statements reflecting a desire to change.
159
What is Cholesterol?
A fat-like substance found in the blood and body tissues that can accumulate in the arteries.
160
What is Chondromalacia?
A gradual softening and degeneration of the articular cartilage, usually involving the back surface of the patella.
161
What is Chondromalacia Patellae?
Inflammation of the under-surface of the patella and softening of the cartilage associated with knee pain.
162
What does Chronic describe?
A condition that persists over a long period of time; opposite of acute.
163
What is Chronic Bronchitis?
Characterized by inflamed bronchial tubes, increased mucus secretion, and a productive cough lasting several months to several years.
164
What is a Chronic Disease?
Any disease that persists over an extended period of time.
165
What is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?
A condition in which there is chronic obstruction of air flow, including asthma, chronic bronchitis, or emphysema.
166
What is a Chylomicron?
A large lipoprotein particle that transfers fat from food from the small intestine to the liver and adipose tissue.
167
What is Circuit Training?
A form of training that takes the participant through a series of exercise stations with relatively brief rest intervals.
168
What is Claudication?
Cramp-like pains in the calves caused by poor circulation of blood to the leg muscles.
169
What is Closed-Kinetic-Chain Exercise?
Movements where the distal segment of the target body part is fixed; generally considered more functional.
170
What is Co-contraction?
The mutual coordination of antagonist muscles to maintain a position.
171
Define Cognition.
Thought or feeling that can function as an antecedent or consequence for overt behaviors.
172
What is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy?
A form of psychotherapy that focuses on how thoughts and feelings influence behavior.
173
What is Cognitive Dissonance?
An unproductive thought process that can paralyze a client from making a positive and lasting behavioral change.
174
What is the Cognitive Domain?
One of the three domains of learning; describes intellectual activities and involves the learning of knowledge.
175
What is the Cognitive Stage of Learning?
The first stage of learning a motor skill when performers make many gross errors and have extremely variable performances.
176
What is Collagen?
The main constituent of connective tissue, such as ligaments, tendons, and muscles.
177
What is Comorbidity?
Disease (or disorder) in addition to a primary disease or disorder.
178
What is Comparative Negligence?
A system used in legal defenses to distribute fault between an injured party and any defendant.
179
What does Competence refer to?
Having the necessary ability, knowledge, or skill to do something successfully.
180
What is a Complex Carbohydrate?
A long chain of sugar that takes more time to digest than a simple carbohydrate.
181
What is a Compound Set?
A resistance-training approach involving the performance of two or more exercises for the same muscle or muscle group in rapid succession.
182
What is Computed Tomography (CT)?
A development of x-ray technology to examine the soft tissues of the body.
183
What is a Concentric contraction?
A type of isotonic muscle contraction in which the muscle develops tension and shortens when stimulated.
184
What is a Concussion?
A type of traumatic brain injury caused by a bump, blow, or jolt to the head.
185
What is Conduction?
The direct flow of heat through a material resulting from physical contact.
186
What is Congestive Heart Failure?
Inability of the heart to pump blood at a sufficient rate to meet metabolic demand.
187
What is Connective Tissue?
The tissue that binds together and supports various structures in the body.
188
What does Contemplation refer to in behavior change?
Variable that occurs following a target behavior that influences a person's future behavior change decisions.
189
What is the Contemplation (Stage of Change)?
The stage of the Transtheoretical Model during which the individual is weighing the pros and cons of behavioral change.
190
What is a Contract?
A binding agreement between two or more persons that is enforceable by law.
191
What is Contract Protein?
The protein filaments that are essential for muscle contraction.
192
What is a Contracture?
An abnormal and usually permanent contraction of a muscle characterized by a high resistance to passive stretching.
193
What is a Contradiction?
Any condition that renders some particular movement, activity, or treatment improper or undesirable.
194
What is Contributory Negligence?
A legal defense used in claims or suits when the plaintiff's negligence contributed to the act in dispute.
195
What is Controlled Motivation?
Doing a task with a sense of pressure, demand, or coercion.
196
What is a Contracture?
An abnormal and usually permanent contraction of a muscle characterized by a high resistance to passive stretching.
## Footnote
Contractures can result from various conditions such as injury, prolonged immobility, or certain diseases.
197
What does Contradiction refer to in a medical context?
Any condition that renders some particular movement, activity, or treatment improper or undesirable.
## Footnote
Understanding contradictions is essential for safe treatment planning.
198
What is Contributory Negligence?
A legal defense used in claims or suits when the plaintiff's negligence contributed to the act in dispute.
## Footnote
This concept is often invoked in personal injury cases.
199
Define Controlled Motivation.
Doing a task with a sense of pressure, demand, or coercion.
## Footnote
This can impact a person's engagement and satisfaction in an activity.
200
What is Convection?
The transfer of heat through the movement of air or water molecules.
## Footnote
Convection is a key principle in thermodynamics and is important in various fields, including meteorology and cooking.
201
What is Coordination?
The ability to use different parts of the body together efficiently; a skill-related component of physical fitness.
202
What is Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)?
The major form of cardiovascular disease; results when the coronary arteries are narrowed or occluded, most commonly by atherosclerotic deposits of fibrous and fatty tissue; also called coronary heart disease.
203
What is the Corporate Veil?
A legal doctrine that shields individual investors in a corporation from financial or legal liability beyond their initial investment.
204
What is a C-Corporation?
A legal entity, independent of its owners and regulated by state laws; any number of people may own a c-corporation through shares issued by the business.
205
What is Cortical Bone?
Compact, dense bone that is found in the shafts of long bones and the vertebral endplates.
206
What is Cortisol?
A hormone that is often referred to as the 'stress hormone,' as it is involved in the response to stress. It increases blood pressure and blood sugar levels and has an immunosuppressive action.
207
What is Creatine Phosphate?
A storage form of high-energy phosphate in muscle cells that can be used to immediately resynthesize adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
208
What is Creep?
The tendency of connective tissue to slowly deform permanently (lengthen) under the influence of sustained tensile stress.
209
What is Crimp?
The zigzag structure of collagen, which gradually straightens out when the tissue is subjected to high-tensile forces.
210
What is Cultural Competence?
The ability to communicate and work effectively with people from different cultures.
211
What is Cyanosis?
A bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes, due to reduced hemoglobin in the blood.
212
What is a Cytokine?
Hormone-like low molecular weight proteins, secreted by many different cell types, which regulate intensity and duration of immune responses and are involved in cell-to-cell communication.
213
What is Decisional Balance?
One of the four components of the Transtheoretical Model of behavioral change; refers to the numbers of pros and cons an individual perceives regarding adopting and/or maintaining an activity program.
214
What does Deep Anatomical Term mean?
Meaning internal; that is, located farther beneath the body surface than the superficial structures.
215
What is Dehydration?
The process of losing body water; when severe can cause serious, life-threatening consequences.
216
What is Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS)?
Soreness that occurs 24 to 48 hours after strenuous exercise, the exact cause of which is unknown.
217
What is a Dendrite?
The portion of a nerve fiber that transmits impulses toward a nerve cell body; receptive portion of a nerve cell.
218
What does Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) refer to?
A large, double-stranded, helical molecule that is the carrier of genetic information.
219
What is Depression?
1. The lowering of a muscle or bone or movement in an inferior or downward direction. 2. A condition of general emotional dejection and withdrawal; sadness greater and more prolonged than that warranted by any objective reason.
220
What is Detraining?
Reversal of adaptation to exercise.
221
What is Diabetes?
A disease of carbohydrate metabolism in which an absolute or relative deficiency of insulin results in an inability to metabolize carbohydrates normally.
222
What is the Diaphragm?
The most important muscle of inspiration; the only skeletal muscle considered essential for life.
223
What is Diaphysis?
The shaft or central part of a long bone.
224
What is Diastole?
The period of filling of the heart between contractions; resting phase of the heart.
225
What is Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP)?
The pressure in the arteries during the relaxation phase (diastole) of the cardiac cycle; indicative of total peripheral resistance.
226
What is the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Eating Plan?
An eating plan designed to reduce blood pressure; also serves as an overall healthy way of eating that can be adopted by nearly anyone to lower the risk of coronary heart disease.
227
What are Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)?
A generic term used to refer to three types of nutrient reference values: Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), Estimated Average Requirement (EAR), and Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL).
228
What is a Dietary Supplement?
A product (other than tobacco) that contains one or more of the following dietary ingredients: a vitamin, mineral, herb or other botanical, amino acid, dietary substance that increases total daily intake, metabolite, constituent, extract, or some combination of these ingredients.
229
What is the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA)?
A bill passed by Congress in 1994 that sets forth regulations and guidelines for dietary supplements.
230
What is Digestion?
The process of breaking down food into small enough units for absorption.
231
What are Diminishing Returns?
Principle stating that after a certain level of performance has been achieved, there will be a decline in the effectiveness of training at furthering a person's performance level.
232
What is Directing Style?
A communication style in which the personal trainer leads, tells, and decides; the personal trainer is the main player and the client is a passive player. Triggers the 'righting reflex.'
233
What does Distal mean?
Farthest from the midline of the body, or from the point of origin of a muscle.
234
What is a Diuretic?
Medication that produces an increase in urine volume and sodium excretion.
235
What is Dorsiflexion?
Movement of the foot up toward the shin.
236
What is the Dose-Response Relationship?
Direct association between the amount of a stimulus and the magnitude of the desired outcome (e.g., amount of physical activity and good health).
237
What is Double-Progression Training?
A protocol for increasing the intensity of a muscular-training program using first an increase in the number of repetitions performed with a given load and second an increase in the amount of weight lifted using increments of 5%.
238
What is Double Taxation?
The imposition of taxation on corporate earnings at both the corporate level and again as a stockholder dividend.
239
What is Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA)?
An imaging technique that uses a very low dose of radiation to measure bone density. Also can be used to measure overall body fat and regional differences in body fat.
240
What is Dynamic Balance?
The act of maintaining postural control while moving.
241
What is Dynamic Stretching?
Type of stretching that involves taking the joints through their ranges of motion while continuously moving. Often beneficial in warming up for a particular sport or activity that involves the same joint movements.
242
What is Dyslipidemia?
A condition characterized by abnormal blood lipid profiles; may include elevated cholesterol, triglycerides, or low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels and/or low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels.
243
What is Dyspnea?
Difficult or labored breathing.
244
What is an Eating Disorder?
Disturbed eating behavior that jeopardizes a person's physical or psychological health.
245
What is Eccentric?
A type of isotonic muscle contraction in which the muscle lengthens against a resistance when it is stimulated; sometimes called 'negative work' or 'negative reps.'
246
What is Edema?
Swelling resulting from an excessive accumulation of fluid in the tissues of the body.
247
What is Ejection Fraction?
The percentage of the total volume of blood that is pumped out of the left ventricle during the systolic contraction of the heart.
248
What is Elasticity?
Temporary or recoverable elongation of connective tissue.
249
What is Elastin?
A protein, similar to collagen, found in connective tissue that has elastic properties.
250
What is an Electrolyte?
A mineral that exists as a charged ion in the body and that is extremely important for normal cellular function.
251
What is Emotional Arousal?
A state of heightened physiological activity, emotions, and emotional behavior.
252
What is Empathy?
Understanding what another person is experiencing from their perspective.
253
What is Emphysema?
An obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by the gradual destruction of lung alveoli and the surrounding connective tissue, in addition to airway inflammation, leading to reduced ability to effectively inhale and exhale.
254
What is an Employee?
A person who works for an organization for financial compensation. An employee completes an employer's directions and reports to the employer.
255
What is End-Diastolic Volume?
The volume of blood in a ventricle at the end of the cardiac filling cycle (diastole).
256
What does Endocrine refer to?
Refers to glands that either secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream or have ducts that lead to other endocrine glands.
257
What is Endomysium?
A layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers and contains capillaries, nerves, and lymphatics.
258
What is Endosteum?
A layer of tissue lining the internal surfaces of the diaphysis on a long bone.
259
What is Endothelial Dysfunction?
An imbalance between vasodilating and vasoconstricting substances produced by (or acting on) the endothelium (the inner lining of blood vessels), which can lead to atherosclerosis.
260
What is an Enzyme?
A protein that speeds up a specific chemical reaction.
261
What is Epimysium?
A layer of connective tissue that is underneath the fascia and surrounds muscle; the outer covering of a muscle.
262
What is Epinephrine?
A hormone released as part of the sympathetic response to exercise; also called adrenaline.
263
What is Epiphyseal Cartilage?
Cartilaginous layer between the head and shaft of a long bone where bone growth occurs; also called a growth plate.
264
What is Epiphysis?
The end of a long bone, usually wider than the shaft (plural: epiphyses).
265
What is an Episiotomy?
An incision made between the vaginal opening and anus during childbirth.
266
What does Ergogenic mean?
Intended to enhance physical performance, stamina, or recovery.
267
What does Ergonomic refer to?
Designed for efficiency and comfort in the working environment.
268
What is an Essential Amino Acid?
One of the eight to 10 of the 22 different amino acids needed to make body proteins. Called essential because the body cannot manufacture them; they must be obtained from the diet.
269
What is Essential Body Fat?
Fat necessary for maintenance of life and reproductive function.
270
What is Essential Hypertension?
Hypertension without an identifiable cause; also called primary hypertension.
271
What is the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)?
An adequate intake in 50% of an age- and sex-specific group.
272
What is Estrogen?
Generic term for estrus-producing steroid compounds produced primarily in the ovaries; the female sex hormones.
273
What is Euhydration?
A state of 'normal' body water content.
274
What is Evaporation?
The process by which molecules in a liquid state (e.g., water) spontaneously become gaseous (e.g., water vapor).
275
What is Eversion?
Rotation of the foot to direct the plantar surface outward; occurs in the frontal plane.
276
What is Evidence-Based Practice?
Making informed decisions and taking action based on the best available evidence.
277
What is an Exculpatory Clause?
A clause within a waiver that bars the plaintiff from potential recovery.
278
What is Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction (EIB)?
The narrowing of the airways during vigorous exercise that results from the loss of heat, water, or both from the airways during exercise when breathing in dry air that is drier than what is already in the body. Symptoms typically appear within a few minutes after exercise begins and may continue for 10 to 15 minutes after a workout is complete.
279
What is Expiration?
The act of expelling air from the lungs; exhalation.
280
What is an Express Partnership?
A partnership created through formal paperwork.
281
What is Extension?
A straightening or lengthening movement at a joint; usually applied to the straightening of a limb.
282
What is External Rotation?
Outward turning about the vertical axis of a bone.
283
What is Extrinsic Motivation?
The removal of a positive stimulus that has in the past followed a behavior.
284
What is Extrinsic Feedback?
Information received from an external source (such as another person) about a completed task (such as an exercise).
285
What is Extrinsic Motivation?
Motivation that comes from external (outside the self) rewards, such as material or social rewards.
286
What is Fartlek Training?
A form of training during which the exerciser randomly changes the aerobic intensity based on how they are feeling; also called speed play.
287
What is Fascia?
Strong connective tissue that performs a number of functions, including enveloping and isolating the muscles of the body and providing structural support and protection.
288
What is a Fascicle?
A bundle of skeletal muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium.
289
What is a Fasciculus?
A bundle of skeletal muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium.
290
What is Fast-Twitch Muscle Fiber?
One of several types of muscle fibers found in skeletal muscle tissue; also called type II fibers and characterized as having a low oxidative capacity but a high glycolytic capacity; recruited for rapid, powerful movements.
291
What is the plural form of fascia?
Fasciae
## Footnote
Fasciae play a role in enveloping and isolating muscles, providing structural support and protection.
292
What is a fascicle?
A bundle of skeletal muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium
## Footnote
Fascicles are important for muscle organization and function.
293
What defines fast-twitch muscle fibers?
Low oxidative capacity, high glycolytic capacity; recruited for rapid, powerful movements
## Footnote
Fast-twitch fibers are also known as type II fibers.
294
What is the role of fat in the body?
Provides energy, energy storage, insulation, and contour to the body
295
How many kilocalories does fat yield per gram?
9 kcal
## Footnote
This high energy yield makes fat a dense source of energy.
296
What is fat oxidation?
The metabolic breakdown of fatty acids for ATP production
## Footnote
Essential for energy production during prolonged exercise.
297
What does fat-free mass (FFM) represent?
All tissues within the body that are not fat, including muscle, bone, fluids, and organs
## Footnote
Also known as lean body mass.
298
High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT)
Short bouts of high-intensity aerobic exercise followed by a recovery period.
299
Holy Spirit
That gathers the individual by which individuals with asthma to quickly stop symptoms.
300
Tidal Volume (TV)
The volume of air the lungs following a maximal expiration.
301
Respiratory Compensation Threshold (RCT)
The second ventilatory threshold (VT2) where breathing becomes labored.
302
Respondent Superior
A legal doctrine that holds an employer legally responsible for the wrongful acts of an employee or agent, if such acts occur within the scope of the employment or agency.
303
Resting Energy Expenditure (REE)
The amount of energy expended at rest; represents 60 to 75% of the body's total energy expenditure.
304
Resting Heart Rate (RHR)
The number of heartbeats per minute when the body is at complete rest; usually counted first thing in the morning before any physical activity.
305
Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)
The number of calories expended per unit of time at rest; measured early in the morning after an overnight fast and at least eight hours of sleep.
306
Reversibility
The principle of exercise training that suggests that any improvement in physical fitness due to physical activity is entirely reversible with the discontinuation of the training program.
307
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
An autoimmune disease that causes inflammation of connective tissues and joints.
308
Riboflavin
A yellow, water-soluble B vitamin that occurs in green vegetables, germinated seeds, and in milk, fish, egg yolk, liver, and kidney; essential for the carbohydrate metabolism of cells.
309
RICE
An immediate treatment for injury: Stands for Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation.
310
Rider
Specific additions to a standard insurance policy.
311
Righting Reflex
The tendency to give advice, push recommendations, and offer solutions that make sustainable behavior change less likely for a client who is ambivalent about change.
312
Risk Factor
A characteristic, inherited trait, or behavior related to the presence or development of a condition or disease.
313
Risk Management
Minimizing the risks of potential legal liability.
314
Royalty
A payment made to the owner of a copyright, patent, or trademark in exchange for the use of the protected intellectual property; typically a percentage of each sale.
315
Sagittal Plane
The longitudinal plane that divides the body into right and left portions.
316
SAID Principle
A training principle that states that the body will adapt to the specific challenges imposed upon it, as long as the program progressively overloads the system being trained.
317
Sarcomere
The basic functional unit of a myofibril containing the contractile proteins that generate skeletal muscle movements.
318
Sarcopenia
Age-related loss of muscle tissue, which is generally referred to as loss of lean body mass.
319
Sarcoplasmic Hypertrophy
An increase in muscle size due to an increase in the volume of sarcoplasmic fluid as a result of high-repetition weight-lifting sets.
320
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
The endoplasmic reticulum where calcium is stored to be used for muscle activation; located in striated muscle fibers.
321
Satiety
A feeling of fullness.
322
Saturated Fat
A fatty acid that contains no double bonds between carbon atoms; typically solid at room temperature and of animal origin.
323
Scapulohumeral Rhythm
A combined action of scapular and humeral movement.
324
Scoliosis
Excessive lateral curvature of the spine.
325
Scope of Practice
The range and limit of responsibilities normally associated with a job or profession.
326
Secondary Hypertension
Hypertension resulting from an identifiable cause.
327
Second Ventilatory Threshold (VT2)
A metabolic marker that represents the point at which high-intensity exercise can no longer be sustained due to an accumulation of lactate.
328
Second-Impact Syndrome
A condition in which an individual experiences a second head injury before complete recovery from an initial head injury.
329
Sedentary
Doing or requiring much sitting; minimal activity.
330
Self-Determination Theory
A psychological theory suggesting that people feel competent, autonomous, and connected to others in the many domains of life.
331
Self-Efficacy
One's perception of their ability to change or to perform specific behaviors.
332
Self-Myofascial Release
The act of rolling one's own body on a foam roll or other training tool, massaging away restrictions to normal soft-tissue extensibility.
333
Serving
The amount of food as listed on the nutrition label of that food; the recommended portion of food to be eaten.
334
Shear Force
Any force that causes slippage between a pair of contiguous joints or tissues in a direction that parallels the plane of the surfaces in contact.
335
Shin Splint
A general term for any pain or discomfort on the front or side of the lower leg in the region of the shin bone (tibia).
336
Shivering
A rapid, involuntary cycle of contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscles, which can increase the body's rate of heat production by four to five times.
337
Simple Carbohydrate
A short chain of sugar that is rapidly digested.
338
Skeletal Muscle
A type of voluntary, striated muscle tissue that provides movement at the joints when it contracts.
339
Skeletal Muscle Milieu
The biochemical substances that make up the setting in which skeletal muscles are located.
340
Slow-Twitch Muscle Fiber
A muscle fiber type geared for aerobic glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation, recruited for low-intensity, longer-duration activities such as walking and swimming.
341
Small Intestine
The longest section of the gastrointestinal tract; the site of the majority of food digestion and absorption.
342
SMART Goal
A properly designed goal that is Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, and Time-bound.
343
Smooth Muscle
Involuntary muscle tissue found in the walls of hollow organs, blood vessels, gastrointestinal tract, bladder, and uterus.
344
SOAP Note
A communication tool used among healthcare professionals; SOAP stands for Subjective, Objective, Assessment, and Plan.
345
Social Cognitive Theory
A behavior-change theory that posits that all health behaviors are goal-driven; anticipation of positive outcomes.
346
Social Support
The perceived comfort, caring, esteem, or help an individual receives from other people.
347
Society of European Stage Authors and Composers (SESAC)
A performing rights organization designed to represent songwriters and publishers and their right to be compensated for having their music performed in public.
348
Socio-ecological Model
A framework that examines interrelationships between individual and the social environment in which they live and work.
349
Sole Proprietorship
A business owned and operated by one person.
350
Somatic Nervous System
The peripheral nervous system that conducts signals from sensory receptors to the central nervous system and signals from the central nervous system to skeletal muscles.
351
Somatosensory System
The physiological systems relating to the perception of sensory stimuli from the skin and internal organs.
352
Specific Supervision
Supervision where the worker (or trainee) requires direct involvement of the supervisor (or trainer).
353
Specificity
Exercise training principle explaining that specific exercise demands made to the body produce specific responses by the body.
354
Speed of Movement
A skill-related component of physical fitness.
355
Speed-Endurance
The ability of an individual to maintain maximal velocity over an extended time period.
356
Spinal Tap
A diagnostic test that involves inserting a hollow needle into the subarachnoid space to measure cerebrospinal fluid pressure and to obtain a sample of the fluid.
357
Splint
A traumatic joint twist that results in stretching or tearing of the stabilizing connective tissues.
358
Sprint Interval Training (SIT)
A type of interval training characterized by repeated bouts of 20- to 30-second all-out supramaximal sprints.
359
Stability
Characteristic of the body's joints or postures that represents resistance to change of position.
360
Stabilizer
A muscle that acts to maintain a position or fixate a joint.
361
Stadiometer
A device for measuring height that typically consists of a vertical ruler with a sliding horizontal rod or paddle.
362
Stage 1 Hypertension
A systolic blood pressure of 130-139 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure of 80-89 mmHg.
363
Stages-of-Change Model
A lifestyle-modification model that suggests that people go through distinct, predictable stages when making lifestyle changes.
364
Standard of Care
Appropriateness of an exercise professional's actions in light of current professional standards.
365
Static Balance
The ability to maintain the body's center of mass within its base of support.
366
Static Stretching
Holding a nonmoving position that places the desired muscles and connective tissues passively at their greatest possible length.
367
Statute of Frauds
A formal regulation limiting the period within which a specific legal action may be taken.
368
Steady State
Constant submaximal exercise below the lactate threshold where the oxygen consumption is meeting the energy requirements of the activity.
369
Steroid
Naturally occurring unsaturated and saturated alcohols, typically waxy solids.
370
Stimulus Control
A means to break the connection between events or other stimuli and a behavior.
371
Strain
A stretch, tear, or rip in the muscle or adjacent tissue.
372
Stress Incontinence
Pressure on the bladder resulting from physical movement or activity.
373
Stretch Reflex
An involuntary motor response that causes a suddenly stretched muscle to respond with a corresponding contraction.
374
Stretch-Shortening Cycle
An eccentric action of muscle followed immediately by a concentric action of that same muscle.
375
Stroke
A sudden and often severe attack due to a blockage of an artery into the brain.
376
Stroke Volume (SV)
The amount of blood pumped from the left ventricle of the heart with each beat.
377
Sudden Cardiac Death (SCD)
Death resulting from a sudden change in the rhythm of the heart.
378
Superficial
Located external to or close to the body surface.
379
Supine
Lying face upward.
380
Sweat Rate
The volume of sweat lost per unit time.
381
Sympathetic Nervous System
A branch of the autonomic nervous system responsible for mobilizing the body's energy and resources during times of stress.
382
Synarthrosis
A joint that allows little or no movement.
383
Synapse
The region of communication between two neurons.
384
Syncope
A transient state of unconsciousness or a sudden loss of strength due to a temporary lack of blood flow to the brain.
385
Synergist
A muscle that assists another muscle in function.
386
Synovial Fluid
Connective tissue that lines the surfaces of synovial joints.
387
Systemic Circuit
The path of blood circulation from the heart to the body and back.
388
What is a Synapse?
The region of communication between two neurons.
## Footnote
Synapses are crucial for neurotransmission in the nervous system.
389
Define Syncope.
A transient state of unconsciousness or a sudden loss of strength due to a temporary lack of blood flow to the brain.
## Footnote
Syncope can be caused by various factors, including dehydration or heart conditions.
390
What is a Synergist?
A muscle that assists another muscle in function.
## Footnote
Synergists help enhance the effectiveness of the primary muscle during movement.
391
What is Synovial Fluid?
Connective tissue that lines the surfaces of synovial joints and the sheaths protecting tendons.
## Footnote
Synovial fluid reduces friction and nourishes cartilage in joints.
392
What does the Systemic Circuit refer to?
The circulatory vessels of the body.
## Footnote
The systemic circuit carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body.
393
Define Systole.
The contraction phase of the cardiac cycle.
## Footnote
During systole, blood is pumped out of the heart.
394
What is Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP)?
The pressure exerted by the blood on the vessel walls during ventricular contraction.
## Footnote
SBP is typically the higher of the two blood pressure readings.
395
What is Tachycardia?
Elevated heart rate over 100 beats per minute.
## Footnote
Tachycardia can be caused by exercise, stress, or medical conditions.
396
Describe the Talk Test.
A method for measuring exercise intensity using conversational ability.
## Footnote
If you can talk comfortably during exercise, it's usually a moderate intensity.
397
What is Target Heart Rate?
Number of heartbeats per minute that indicates appropriate exercise intensity levels for each individual; also called training heart rate.
## Footnote
Target heart rate varies based on age and fitness level.
398
Define Tendinitis.
Inflammation of a tendon.
## Footnote
Tendinitis often results from overuse or repetitive strain injuries.
ACE PFT
flashcards
Decks in class (20)
# Cards
