ACE PFT > LESSON 13 > Flashcards

LESSON 13 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Dyspnea?

A

Shortness of breath; a subjective difficulty or distress in breathing.

Dyspnea can be a symptom of various medical conditions, requiring assessment.

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2
Q

What does SOAP stand for in healthcare?

A

Subjective, Objective, Assessment, and Plan.

SOAP notes are used for documenting patient interactions and treatment plans.

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3
Q

Define Atherosclerosis.

A

A specific form of arteriosclerosis characterized by the accumulation of fatty material on the inner walls of the arteries.

This condition leads to thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity in arteries.

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4
Q

What is Myocardial Infarction commonly known as?

A

Heart attack.

It occurs when the heart’s blood supply is severely cut off or restricted.

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5
Q

What does Ischemia refer to?

A

A decrease in the blood supply to a bodily organ, tissue, or part.

Ischemia is often caused by constriction or obstruction of blood vessels.

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6
Q

What are Metabolic Equivalents (METs)?

A

A simplified system for classifying physical activities; one MET is equal to resting oxygen uptake of 3.5 ml/kg/min.

METs provide a way to estimate the intensity of physical activities.

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7
Q

What is Essential Hypertension?

A

High blood pressure of unknown or idiopathic cause; also called primary hypertension.

This condition affects many individuals and is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.

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8
Q

Define Hemorrhagic Stroke.

A

Disruption of blood flow to the brain caused by the presence of a blood clot or thrombus.

This type of stroke can result in brain damage and requires immediate medical attention.

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9
Q

What is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?

A

A condition such as emphysema and chronic bronchitis, characterized by chronic obstruction of airflow.

COPD is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide.

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10
Q

Define Osteoporosis.

A

A degenerative disease involving a wearing away of joint cartilage.

Osteoporosis leads to increased risk of fractures, especially in older adults.

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11
Q

What is Rheumatoid Arthritis?

A

An autoimmune disease that causes inflammation of connective tissues and joints.

This condition can lead to joint damage and disability if untreated.

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12
Q

What are Micronutrients?

A

Essential vitamins and nutrients that are needed in small quantities for normal growth and development.

Examples include vitamins and minerals essential for various bodily functions.

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13
Q

What is the normal blood pressure category for an adult with a blood pressure of 142/90 mmHg?

A

STAGE 2 HYPERTENSION

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14
Q

What is the normal blood pressure category for an adult with a blood pressure of 120/78 mmHg?

A

ELEVATED

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15
Q

What is the normal blood pressure category for an adult with a blood pressure of 116/74 mmHg?

A

NORMAL

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16
Q

What is the normal blood pressure category for an adult with a blood pressure of 130/88 mmHg?

A

STAGE 1 HYPERTENSION

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17
Q

What is the normal blood pressure category for an adult with a blood pressure of 134/86 mmHg?

A

STAGE 1 HYPERTENSION

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18
Q

List five lifestyle modifications to prevent and/or manage hypertension.

A
  • Weight reduction
  • Adopt DASH eating plan
  • Dietary sodium reduction
  • Physical activity
  • Moderation of alcohol
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19
Q

How do beta blockers and calcium channel blockers affect heart rate?

A

They can blunt the heart rate response and cause orthostatic hypotension and post-exercise hypotension.

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20
Q

How should individuals taking beta blockers and calcium channel blockers monitor exercise intensity?

A

Use rating of perceived exertion (RPE), start slowly, and conclude with a gradual and prolonged cool-down.

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21
Q

What is coronary artery disease (CAD)?

A

Also called atherosclerotic heart disease, CAD is characterized by a narrowing of the coronary arteries.

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22
Q

What are the two types of hypertension?

A
  • Essential (primary) hypertension
  • Secondary hypertension
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23
Q

What percentage of people with hypertension have essential hypertension?

A

90 to 95%

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24
Q

What causes secondary hypertension?

A

An identifiable cause, such as kidney disease.

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25
What is a stroke?
A condition where blood supply to the brain is cut off or a blood vessel in the brain bursts.
26
What are the two types of stroke?
* Ischemic stroke * Hemorrhagic stroke
27
What is peripheral artery disease (PAD)?
PAD results from atherosclerosis of the arteries of the lower extremities.
28
What are the common sites for lower-extremity lesions in PAD?
* Abdominal aorta * Iliac arteries * Femoral arteries * Popliteal arteries * Tibial arteries
29
How does narrowing of arteries in PAD affect walking?
It reduces blood flow, significantly impacting the ability to walk.
30
What is dyslipidemia?
Defined as undesirable levels of lipids in the body.
31
What is diabetes?
Diabetes is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by dysfunctional blood glucose regulation and involves insufficient insulin production or insulin resistance.
32
What are the main types of diabetes?
The main types of diabetes are: * Type 1 diabetes * Type 2 diabetes
33
What is metabolic syndrome (MetS)?
MetS is a cluster of conditions that increase the risk for developing heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and stroke.
34
How is metabolic syndrome identified?
MetS is identified by the presence of 3 or more of the following components: * Elevated waist circumference * Elevated triglycerides * Reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol * Increased blood pressure (systolic and/or diastolic) * Elevated fasting blood glucose
35
What is the recommended frequency of exercise for clients with chronic disease?
At least 5 days, preferably 5 days of the week.
36
What is the recommended intensity of exercise for clients with chronic disease?
Moderate- to vigorous-intensity, determined by: * 40–80% HRR or VO2R or VO2 peak (with exercise test) * RPE of 12–16 (6–20 scale) or add 20–30 bpm to RHR (without exercise test)
37
What is the time goal for exercise sessions for clients with chronic disease?
An eventual goal of 20–60 min per session for cardiorespiratory training.
38
What type of exercise is recommended for clients with chronic disease?
Rhythmic, large muscle group exercise that emphasizes whole-body conditioning.
39
What are some examples of equipment for cardiorespiratory training?
Examples include: * Arm ergometer * Upright and recumbent cycle ergometer * Recumbent stepper * Rower
40
What is the frequency recommendation for muscular training?
2–3 days per week with a minimum of 48 hours separating exercise for the same muscle group.
41
What intensity is recommended for muscular training?
40–60% 1-RM, or a load that can be lifted 10–15 repetitions without straining (RPE of 11–13 [6–20 scale]).
42
What is the recommended type of equipment for resistance training?
Various equipment can be used, including: * Elastic resistance * Free weights * Body weight * Selected machines
43
What is the initial training recommendation for each major muscle group?
Each major muscle group should be trained initially with one set.
44
How should progression in muscular training be approached?
Progression should follow the ACE Integrated Fitness Training Model based on client goals and availability.
45
What is the volume increase recommendation for muscular training?
Volume can be increased 2–10% once clients comfortably complete 1–2 repetitions beyond the target range on low consecutive training sessions.
46
True or False: Multiple-set programs should be approached with caution.
True
47
What is the recommended frequency of cardiorespiratory training for general evidence-based recommendations?
3-5 days/week of moderate, or ≥3 days/week of vigorous exercise, or a combination of both.
48
What is the recommended frequency of cardiorespiratory training for individuals with diabetes?
3-7 days per week with daily activity strongly encouraged.
49
What is the recommended frequency of cardiorespiratory training for individuals with hypertension?
Most, but preferably all, days of the week.
50
What intensity level is recommended for general cardiorespiratory training?
Moderate intensity (40-59% HRR or VO₂R, RPE 12-13) and vigorous intensity (≥60% HRR or VO₂R, RPE ≥14).
51
What intensity level is recommended for individuals with diabetes during cardiorespiratory training?
Moderate intensity (40-59% HRR or VO₂R, RPE 12-13) and vigorous intensity (60-89% HRR or VO₂R, RPE 14-17) if able.
52
What intensity level is recommended for individuals with hypertension during cardiorespiratory training?
Moderate intensity (40-59% VO₂R, RPE 12-13) that feels comfortably hard.
53
What is the time recommendation for general cardiorespiratory training?
30-60 minutes of moderate exercise, or 20-60 minutes of vigorous exercise.
54
What is the time recommendation for individuals with diabetes for cardiorespiratory training?
Type 1: ≥150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise per week; Type 2: At least 150 minutes.
55
What is the time recommendation for individuals with hypertension for cardiorespiratory training?
At least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on most days.
56
What type of exercise is recommended for general cardiorespiratory training?
Regular, purposeful exercise involving major muscle groups that is continuous and rhythmic.
57
What type of exercise is recommended for individuals with diabetes?
Large-muscle activities such as walking, jogging, cycling, swimming with variety.
58
What type of exercise is emphasized for individuals with hypertension?
Rhythmic, large-muscle group activities such as walking, jogging, cycling, or swimming.
59
What is the progression recommendation for general cardiorespiratory training?
Progress following the ACE Integrated Fitness Training Model based on client goals.
60
What is the frequency recommendation for muscular training for general evidence-based recommendations?
Each major muscle group should be trained on 2-3 days/week.
61
What is the frequency recommendation for muscular training for individuals with diabetes?
A minimum of 2 nonconsecutive days per week, preferably 3.
62
What is the frequency recommendation for muscular training for individuals with hypertension?
2-3 days per week with a minimum of 48 hours separating exercise for the same muscle group.
63
What intensity level is recommended for muscular training for general evidence-based recommendations?
20-70% of 1-RM depending on experience level, training goals, and age.
64
What intensity level is recommended for muscular training for individuals with diabetes?
50-85% 1-RM, starting with lower intensity.
65
What intensity level is recommended for muscular training for individuals with hypertension?
60-80% 1-RM with lower loads for older adults and novice exercisers.
66
What is the time recommendation for muscular training for general evidence-based recommendations?
No specific duration identified; 1-4 sets of 8-25 repetitions depending on training goal.
67
What is the time recommendation for muscular training for individuals with diabetes?
1-3 sets of 8-12 repetitions (10-15 reps to near fatigue).
68
What is the time recommendation for muscular training for individuals with hypertension?
2-4 sets of 8-12 repetitions for each major muscle group.
69
What type of exercises are recommended for muscular training in general?
Resistance exercises involving each major muscle group and multijoint exercises.
70
What type of exercises are recommended for individuals with diabetes for muscular training?
All major muscle groups trained 2-3 times per week using resistance machines and free weights.
71
What type of exercises are recommended for individuals with hypertension for muscular training?
Either machines or free weights; avoid the Valsalva maneuver.
72
What is the progression recommendation for muscular training for general evidence-based recommendations?
Progress following the ACE Integrated Fitness Training Model based on client goals.
73
What are the warning signs of a stroke?
The warning signs of a stroke include: * Sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm, or leg, especially on one side of the body * Sudden confusion, trouble speaking or understanding others * Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes * Sudden trouble walking, dizziness, or loss of balance and coordination * Sudden severe headache with no known cause ## Footnote Confusion, trouble speaking, difficulty walking, and dizziness are warning signs of a stroke.
74
How does nutrition influence asthma?
Nutrition influences asthma by: * Increasing the risk of developing asthma through overweight * Associating obesity with severity and frequency of asthma attacks * Causing food allergies that increase inflammation and asthma attacks * Low intakes of fruits, vegetables, certain fats, vitamin D, magnesium, and selenium ## Footnote Nutrition impacts asthma risk and severity.
75
How often should clients with hypertension participate in cardiorespiratory exercise?
Clients with hypertension should participate in cardiorespiratory exercise on most, but preferably all, days of the week. ## Footnote This is the recommended frequency for effective management of hypertension.
76
What is the most important modifiable risk factor for stroke?
The most important modifiable risk factor for stroke is hypertension (high blood pressure). ## Footnote Managing hypertension can significantly reduce the risk of stroke.
77
What does rehabilitation following stroke typically focus on?
Rehabilitation following stroke typically focuses on optimizing activities of daily living (ADLs). ## Footnote This includes improving the survivor's functional ability and independence.
78
What type of diabetes is caused by an absolute insulin deficiency due to autoimmune destruction of beta cells?
Type 1 diabetes is caused by an absolute insulin deficiency after the body's immune system attacks and destroys the beta cells. ## Footnote This condition is characterized by the need for insulin therapy.
79
Reducing which three risk factors would dramatically reduce the incidence of chronic disease?
Reducing the following risk factors would dramatically reduce chronic disease incidence: * Poor diet * Physical inactivity * Smoking ## Footnote These are key lifestyle factors that contribute to many chronic diseases.
80
What does the acronym SOAP stand for?
SOAP stands for: * Subjective * Objective * Assessment * Plan ## Footnote This acronym is commonly used in healthcare documentation.
81
Coronary artery disease is also known as what?
Coronary artery disease is also known as atherosclerotic heart disease. ## Footnote It is characterized by atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries.
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