1
Q
Types of guidance methods
A
- visual
- verbal
- mechanical
- manual
2
Q
Visual guidance
A
- demonstration of the required task
- it is a coaching or teaching method where a learner is shown how to perform. A skill rather than being told how to do it
- this can be done through demonstrations, videos, mages or diagrams
3
Q
Purpose of visual guidance
A
- helps learners see the correct technique before attempting a skill
- aids in the development of a mental image of the movement
- useful for beginners (cognitive learners) who need a clear idea of what the skill should look like
- can highlight key movement patterns, positioning and execution
4
Q
Visual guidance is most effective when …
A
- the demonstration is accurate and performed by a skilled individual
- the learner has enough time to observe and process the movement
- key cues the highlighted (e.g. pointing out arm position in a tennis serve)
- used with verbal guidance to reinforce understanding
5
Q
Visual guidance is least effective when…
A
- the skill is complex and difficult to imitate just by watching (e.g. gymnastics vault)
- the learner has poor concentration or struggles to process visual information
- the demonstration is incorrect or inconsistent, leading to based habits
6
Q
Examples of sports with visual guidance
A
Gymnastics routine
- using video replays to see posture, movement sequences, and technique corrections
7
Q
Features of visual guidance
A
- it is for beginners
- it forms a mental picture or image
- it may be a video, chart or book
- it shows what the result should be
- it can be used to highlight a weakness
8
Q
Problems associated with visual guidance
A
- too much information can be given at once
- to demonstration must be accurate
- the performer might not be capable of matching the demonstration
9
Q
Verbal guidance
A
- it is when a coach or teacher provides spoken instructions, explanations, or feedback to help a learner develop a skill
- often used alongside visual or manual guidance to enhance understanding
- in the form of knowledge of direct, indirect and prompting
10
Q
Purpose of verbal guidance
A
- provides key information and cues about technique, strategy, or movement
- helps learners understand how and why a skill is performed
- can be used for motivation and encouragement, especially in competitive settings
- useful for refining skills in autonomous learners who already have basic proficiency
11
Q
Verbal guidance is most effective when …
A
- instructions are clear, concise and relevant to the learners level
- used alongside visual guidance to reinforce understanding
- given during breaks or pauses so the learner can process information
- used for fine-tuning skills rather than teaching complex movements from scratch
12
Q
Verbal guidance is least effective when …
A
- instructions are too long or complex, leading to cognitive overload
- the learner is a beginner who may struggle to translate words into actions without a demonstration
- the environment is noisy, making it difficult to hear and process instructions
13
Q
Examples of sport with verbal guidance
A
Tennis serve adjustments
- a player is told to ‘keep your wrist loose’ to generate more spin on the ball
14
Q
Problems associated with verbal guidance
A
- too might information might overload the short term memory
- the performer might lose concentration
- the language could be too complex
15
Q
Features of verbal guidance
A
- used in conjunction with visual guidance, it helps to form an image of the skill in the memory
- tactics can be explained to more advanced performers
- it can be used with conditioning and fitness
- it has direct relevance
- feedback can be given verbally and immediately
- it can give technical information
16
Q
Manual guidance
A
- this involves physical support, such as holding a gymnast on a vault or during a headstand
- it can involve a type of forced response e.g. when the coach holds the arm of a tennis player to help her learn the movement of a forehand stroke
- its where a coach or instructor physically moves a learners body to demonstrate the correct technique or movement pattern
- often used for beginners or when teaching complex or dangerous skills
17
Q
Purpose of manual guidance
A
- helps the performer feel the correct movement pattern
- builds muscle memory by guiding the performers limbs
- provides safety and confidence, especially in high-risk skills (e.g., gymnastics or diving)
- reduces fear and anxiety, making learners more willing to attempt new skills
18
Q
Advantages of manual guidance
A
- enhances kinesthetic awareness by allowing performers to experience the correct movement
- builds confidence, especially in beginners or when learning risky movements
- prevents incorrect technique reducing the chance of developing bad habits
19
Q
Disadvantages of manual guidance
A
- can create over-reliance on the coach, reducing independent learning
- limits the development of intrinsic feedback which is crucial for skill retention
- may feel uncomfortable or restrictive affecting the natural movement of the performer
20
Q
Manual guidance (sport example)
A
- a gymnastics coach physically supporting a learner during a handspring
21
Q
Why is manual guidance highly effective for beginners and dangerous skills?
A
- as it provides confidence and ensures correct technique
22
Q
Manual guidance (conclusion)
A
- it is a highly effective for beginners and dangerous skills as it provides confidence and ensures correct technique. However, for long term skill acquisition performers should gradually transition to more independent learning methods such as visual and verbal guidance
23
Q
Manual guidance features
A
- it is useful to eliminate danger
- it builds confidence
- it gives an early feel and develops early kinaethesis
- it reduces fear and anxiety
- it can help break a complex movement into parts
24
Q
Problems associated with manual guidance
A
- the performer may become dependant on the support
- if used too much it can interfere with kinaesthesis
- the proximity of the coach might be upsetting
- an incorrect feel of the skill could result in bad habits
25
Mechanical guidance
- this is a device used to help performance such as an armband in swimming or a harness on the trampoline
- it involves the use of equipment or devices to support the learner while performing a skill
- the equipment helps guide the movement and often ensures safety during skill execution
26
Purpose of mechanical guidance
- to assist learners in performing complex or dangerous skills safely
- to provide physical support, helping the learner experience the correct movement
- to build confidence and reduce anxiety when learning new or high risk skills
- to enable repetition of the correct technique without the fear of injury
27
Advantages of mechanical guidance
- increases safety, especially in high-risk sports (e.g., trampolining, gymnastics)
- helps beginners learn basic movement patterns with confidence
- encourages correct technique and builds early muscle memory
- reduces fear, which is essential for motivation and early learning
28
Disadvantages of mechanical guidance
- can cause over-reliance on equipment, limiting skill transfer to real situations
- may limit the development of intrinsic feedback, which is vital for skill refinement
- can feel unnatural and the performer may struggle when the mechanical aid is removed
- less useful for open or perceptual skills, where decision making is important
29
Mechanical guidance (sport example)
- arm floats or kickboards in swimming to support body position
30
Mechanical guidance (conclusion)
- it is particularly useful for beginners or when safety is a concern. It allows learners to build confidence and understand the basic technique. However, for effective long-term skill acquisition the use of mechanical aids should be reduced over time to promote independence and develop real-game skills
31
Advantages of mechanical guidance
- it builds confidence
- it eliminates danger
- it gives an early feel for the whole skill
- it can be used with disabled athletes
32
Problems associated with mechanical guidance
- if used too much it will interfere with kinaesthesis
- the performer might depend on it too much
- motivation could be lost if the performer thinks he is not performing the skill himself
- incorrect intrinsic feedback encourages bad habits
33
Uses of technology to underpin guidance methods (video analysis- visual and verbal guidance)
- e.g. dartfish
Purpose: allows athletes to visually see their performance through slow motion play back, freeze frames, and comparisons with elite athletes
Effectiveness:
- improves visual learning and helps athletes self-correct mistakes
- provides instant feedback for quicker skill refinement
X- can be overused, making athletes reliant on video instead of intrinsic feedback
34
Uses of technology to underpin guidance methods (motion capture systems- visual and mechanical guidance)
- example- hawk-eye
Purpose: tracks body movement using sensors and cameras, providing detailed bio mechanical analysis
Effectiveness
- helps coaches identify flaws in technique that aren’t visible to the naked eye
- enhances mechanical guidance by assisting movement correction
X- requires specialist equipment and expertise making it costly
35
Uses of technology to underpin guidance methods (force plates- mechanical guidance and evaluation)
- example- used in sprinting, jumping, and balance training
purpose:
- measures the force exerted by an athlete, helping evaluate power, stability, and efficiency
Effectiveness:
- provides precise biomechanical feedback to optimise technique
- helps adjust mechanical guidance tools to suit individual needs
X- limited accessibility due to high cost and complexity
36
Uses of technology to underpin guidance methods (wearable technology- monitoring and feedback)
- example- GPS trackers, heart rate monitors, smartwatches
Purpose:
- measures movement patterns, speed, workload, and physiological responses during performance
Effectiveness:
- helps coaches tailor training intensity and avoid injury
- provides real-time feedback to adjust technique and workload
X- data overload can be confusing for athletes who lack technical knowledge
37
Uses of technology to underpin guidance methods (virus reality (VR) & Simulators (visual&mechanical guidance)
- example- VR football training
Purpose:
-creates a controlled environment for skill practice without real world risks
Effectiveness:
- allows athletes to experience game-like scenarios without physical danger
- useful for decision making training (e.g., reading play patterns in football)
X- expensive and lacks the real world feel of competition
38
Technology to underpin guidance methods (conclusion)
- technology enhances guidance methods by providing accurate feedback, improving technique and optimising performance
- however while technology supports learning, it should be balanced with intrinsic feedback and real-world practice to ensure athletes develop autonomous skills effectively
Pe- Skill acquisition
flashcards
Decks in class (20)
# Cards
-
Learning theories36
-
Coach and Performer39
-
Classification and transfer of skills42
-
Personality13
-
Practices57
-
Guidance38
-
Feedback68
-
Memory models83
-
Personality83
-
Attitude32
-
Aggression in sport38
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Arousal9
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Anxiety34
-
Motivation32
-
Social facilitation31
-
Leadership56
-
Goal setting38
-
Self-confidence and self-efficacy45
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Dynamics of a group/team and how they can influence the performance of an individual and/or team39
-
Attribution theory31
