Hazards Flashcards

Question

What is fatalism?

Answer 1

When people believe that hazards are beyond human control and cannot be avoided so must be accepected this often leads to people doing nothing in responce CXommunities with low education strong religous views or limited hazards infomation trends to respond in this way These type of populations are less likely to invest in mitigation or prepairdness meauses making fatalistic populations more vunrable to hazards

Answer 2

Prediction - science + technology to predict where it will be so there can be evacuation Adaption - chaning behaviour to reduce potential losses e.g improving awerness through earthquake drills Mitigation - working to prevent the occurence of hazards - stopping them - e.g sea walls to stop flooding Intergrated risk management - anaylsing potential risks and implementing a coordinated approach to manages and reduce risks Risk sharing - wokring togther to reduce the risk and sharin ghte costs of hazard responce e.g house insurance

Answer 3

incidence (frequency) so how often a hazard occurs if a hazard occurs alot then it is more likely communites will be prepaired with effective stratiges put in place intensity + magnitude - the size strengths of hazard the greater stregth means more impact distribution - where hazards occur in more hazardess locations people are more likely prepaired because they invest time and money themselved e.g japan has earthquake roods in buildings and drills Level of development - the level of economic wealth and standard of living in a country more developed countires are likely to have better mitigration and adaption stratigies in place to respond effectively

Answer 4

for earthquakes magnitude measures the amount of energy released - doesnt change with the distance of the earthquake Intensity measures the degree of shaking caused by the earthquake in that particular loacation - and changes the further away from the midpoint of the earthquake

Answer 5

A model that shows how the events of one hazard event inform planning and preparation for the next hazard

Answer 6

Preparedness Mitigation Response recovery

Answer 7

The immediate actions after a hazard event - search and rescue and provisions of emergency medical assistance and aid

Answer 8

Rebuilding of the economy + infrastructure - restoring services and reconstruction of damaged buildings

Answer 9

Actions taken to reduce the impact of the next hazard event - building flood barriers + early warning systems

Answer 10

Education to ensure that people are prepared for the future hazard events - earthquake drills public awareness campaigns

Answer 11

level of development magnitude of hazard quality of governance aid availability

Answer 12

It is a model to use to look at the impacts of a previous hazard to help prevent future hazards having the same impact so resulting in them having a lower impact it consitsts of 4 stages responce - e.g sending emergancy aid recovry - rebuoilding back infasture mitigation - putting up sea walls to prevent flooduing prepairdbess - public awaerness The hazard management cycle is a continuous loop which explains an approach to managing a known hazard (1). Preparedness is concerned with using evidence and data from previous events to plan for hazards associated with the event. (1) Good preparation is the key to minimising impact upon the population (1) (d). Response is concerned with deploying services and resources to save people and property from harm (1). Response is likely to involve emergency services such as fire and rescue teams in an earthquake (1) (d).

Answer 13

A model that shows how peoples quality of life is affected by hazards also outlines how people respond to hazardess events

Answer 14

pre disaster - before the event when the situation is normal disruption - during and directly after hazard relief - aftermath and rescue elements rehabilitation - trying to solve long them problems Reconstruction - going to original status or improvement like hosuing more resitant to disasters

Answer 15

The steepness of the downward curve varies on the nature and magnitude of the hazard - a high magnitude event that happens very suddenly will have a steeper and deeper curve than a slow one so a slow magnitude event

Answer 16

It will depend on each event by the level of preparation and planning development and aid both national and international

Answer 17

relif was slow to arrive even years later and the quality of life has not been restored to normality

Answer 18

inital impact of the hazard event may be greater as there is a lack of planning and preparedness search and rescue may take longer due to the lack of equiptment and training for waiting for international aid to arrive recovery and rehabilitation takes longer due to the lack of money and corruption of poor governments life may still not of returned to normal for years to come and possible perinate damage

Answer 19

lic - impact longer and more sever and slower to recover Hic- recobry quickly and provide an improved quality of life therough mitigation stratigies succh as aseismic designs and hazard warning systems

Answer 20

Curst mantel outer core inner core

Answer 21

continental - a thicker up to 70km less dense layer mainly composed of granite Oceanic - a thinner 5-10km denser layer mainly composed of basalt

Answer 22

it is the widest layer - 2900km the upper mantel has 2 layers: ridged layer above the asthenosphere which together with the crust is the lithosphere The asthenosphere is a plastic type layer which moves very slowly under high pressure and carries the lithosphere on top the lower mantel is hotter and denser than the upper mantel the intense pressure at depth keeps the lower mantel solid

Answer 23

inner core - soild centre iorn outer - semi molten - liqid iron + nickel

Answer 24

the 7 major and several minor tectonic plates which float on top of the asthenosphere

Answer 25

radioactive decay of the elements such as the uranium and potassium inside the earths core + heat left over from the collisions of asteroids and other small bodies which resulted in earths formation

Answer 26

It occurs when two plates are moving apart - diverging the mantel is under pressure from the plates above when they move apart the pressure is released at the margin the release of the pressure causes the mantel to melt producing magma the magma is less dense than the plate above so it rises and erupts to form a volcano the plates dont move apart in a uniform way so parts move faster than others this causes pressure to build up when the pressure becomes too much it creates a fault line and the plate cracks this creates earthquakes can happen on that fault line

Answer 27

ocean ridges + rift valley

Answer 28

where the plates diverge underwater an ocean ridge forms e.g mid atlantic ridge - eurasion + northamerican plate underwater volcanos erupt along this ridge and can build up above sea level iceland is formed by a build up of volcanos underwater from the mid atlantic ridge

Answer 29

where plates diverge beneath land rising magma causes the continetal crust to buldge and fracture forming fault lines as the plates keep moving apart the crust between parallel faults drops down to form a rift valley - so a downward movement of the crust e.g the east african rift system a seruis of rift valleys from mozambique to the red sea - 4000km volcanos are found around rift valleys e.g mount kilimanjaro are located in the east african rift system

Answer 30

ocean ride - plate pull apart and new land falls - oceanic crust rift valley - the fault lines are parallel and the bit bewtwwn them falls down cusing a rift valley - continental crust

Answer 31

earthquakes and volcanos form and is when two plates are moving towards eachother in the same direction there are three types oceanic - continetal oceanic - oceanic contintal - continetal

Answer 32

more dense oceanic subducts under contitneal froms a deep sea trench like the peru chilli trench the oceanic plate is heated by friction and contact with the upper mantel sea water lowers the melting point so it melts the magma that is less dense then the continental crust above so rises up to form volcanos as one plate moves underanother pressure builds up and forms an earthquake

Answer 33

the denser of the two plates will submerge it will be the older one as it will be cooler volcanic erruptions can happen underwater this creates island arcs - clusters of land that sit outside a curved land e.g japan

Answer 34

they move togther and neither subducts so no volcaneos but the presure of them moving togther creates earthquakes fold mountains are created here like the himalays

Answer 35

At conservative plate boundaries - where two plates are moving past eachother when they get locked togther in places the pressure builds up this causes plates to jerk past eachother - or crak causing fault lines) realseaing energy as a earthquake e.g san andreas fault in califorman pacific and nort american plate

Answer 36

by magma plumes - where intense volcanos can occur not on plate boundaries it is a verticale column of extra hot magma rising up from the mantel volcanoes form above magma pulmes the magma plume remains stationary overtime but the crust moves above it volcanic activity in the part of the crust that was above the magma plume decreases as it moves away new volcanos form in the part of the crust that is now above the magama plume as the crust continues to move a chain of volcanos are formed e.g Hawaii

Answer 37

non violent basaltic lava - runny hot and low viscocity (runny) requent eruption but not violent underwater = ocean ridges overground=rift valleys

Answer 38

andeitic + rhyolitic lavas cooler but more runny so flow not as easily eruption dont happen as frequent + eruptions are short lived at subduction zones lava is viscous - it then forms blockages in volcanic vents causing pressure to build up and this then leads to a violent eruption

Answer 39

a hot spot is above a magma plume most of them have basalistic lava hot+runny so floe quickly and this means the volcanos have gentel slopes

Answer 40

pyroclastic flows lava flows volcanic gases ash fallout

Answer 41

mudflows/lahars acid rain

Answer 42

a mixture of super heated gas ash and volcanic rock it travels at high speeds more than 80km/h it flows a long way 10-15km because they travel fast and can happen with limited wrning they can have widesoread death and distruction e.g pompeii where people suffeacted as it got in thier lungs

Answer 43

can flow from a volcanic vent at the side of a vlocano the speed an distance travelled depends on how runny the lava is and the steepness of the slope most flows are quite slow so people do have time to evacuate areas affected but it can destroy anything in it's path including burning vegitation by burning or knocking it down

Answer 44

lava contains gases such as co2 + sulpher dioxide which re released into the atmoshoere as volcanos errupt some gases can be harmful to humans and animals if they are breved in especially slupher dioxie

Answer 45

it is material that has been ejected from a volcano when it was errupted and falls back to the grownd when it is mainly called ash it is called an ash fallout contains a range of material big rock to small particles material can be transported for a long distance but the distance travelled depends on the weight of the material as heavier material will be deopsited first then lighter ones so material will end up sorted with larger particals deposited nearer the volcano as it is dropped first larger particels can kill bpeople smaller particles build up sufficating vegitation and destroying roads

Answer 46

occurs when volcanic material mixes with large amounts of water e.g from rain fall or melted ice melted by the eruption flows move very quickly and can travel very far distances mudflows can bury or destroy natural habitats, settlements and infrastructure

Answer 47

volcanic gases can react with water vapour in the atmosphere which then falls as acid rain e.g slupher reacts with water to form sulfirc acid this can damage eco systems and can also cause stone and metal to deteriate damaging buildings and infasture

Answer 48

it can be measured by the volcanic explosivity index which grades volcanos on a scale of 0 to 8 based on the amount of material ejected and how high it is blased so the strength of the eruption

Answer 49

how often a volcanic event occurs - e.g once in every 100,000 years whereas other errupt more frequencty normally the les frequent eruptions have the highest magnitude as pressure has been building up for a longer amount of time

Answer 50

some volcanos errupt at regualr intervals and others don't and are dominant and certain times more than others are

Answer 51

the regularity of a volcanic event can help scientists predict when an event is likely to occur again they also monitor tiny er=earthquakes and changes in the slope of the volcano which suggest that a volcano is iniment

Answer 52

Lava is thick and sticky (high silica content) Gas gets trapped easily → pressure builds up Explosive eruptions happen Lava doesn’t travel far → it piles up steeply 👉 Result: Tall, steep-sided volcano Layers of ash + lava Example: Mount St. Helens pretty steotypcal

Answer 53

Lava is thin and runny (low silica content) Gas escapes easily → less pressure Gentle, frequent eruptions Lava flows far before cooling 👉 Result: Wide, flat volcano with gentle slopes Example: Mauna Loa

Answer 54

deaths infastruture destroyed pyroclastic flows can start fires that damage buildings mudflows + flooding from ice melt can cause more deaths

Answer 55

destroy businesses prevent aircrafts flying damage crops damage infasture - which is expensive to repair but erruption + seany can attract tourist e.g monserrat

Answer 56

ecosystems are dmaaged - destoyed by volcanic material

Hazards Flashcards

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