HELICOBACTER

Question 1

Helicobacter spp. are carried in stomach or intestines without apparent disease. True or False?

Answer 1

True

Question 2

What is the transmission route of Helicobacter?

Answer 2

1. Feco-oral
2. Oral-oral

Question 3

Humoral and cellular immunity are effective against Helicobacter infection. True or False?

Answer 3

False, no protective immunity

Question 4

Once Helicobacter is present in gastric mucus layer, it breaks down ____ producing ____ and ____ thus raising pH.

Answer 4

urea; ammonia and CO2

Question 5

Describe the morphology of Helicobacter.

Answer 5

• Gram-negative
• Spiral and curved
• Motile

Question 6

Helicobacter spp. live beneath mucus coating, where pH reaches ____.

Answer 6

pH 7.4

Question 7

What is the pathogenesis/clinical signs induced by Helicobacter?

Answer 7

• Capable of causing chronic gastritis (antrum) duodenitis and duodenal ulcers in humans
• Gastric ulcer and gastric adenocarcinoma
  *** Similar disease in cats

Question 8

What are the treatment methods against Helicobacter infection?

Answer 8

1. Metronidazole with amoxicillin or tetracycline and both combinations with bismuth sub-salicylate
2. Amoxicillin with omeprazole; cimetidine

Question 9

Helicobacter spp. resembles what bacteria?

Answer 9

Campylobacter

Question 10

What is the most common Helicobacter spp. in dogs and cats?

Answer 10

H. heilmannii

Question 11

Classify Helicobacter acc. to its O2 requirement.

Answer 11

Microaerophilic

Question 12

____ Helicobacter spp. are found in stomach or intestines of animals and humans.

Answer 12

19

Question 13

What are diagnostic methods for Helicobacter?

Answer 13

1. Isolation and identification
2. Evidence of gastritis
3. Urease production
4. Scrapings of gastric mucosa under phase microscopy
5. Skirrow’s medium and chocolate agar with addition of antibiotics

Question 14

What are the virulence factors of Helicobacter?

Answer 14

• Adhesim
• Flagella
• Cytotoxin
• Urease
• Acid-inhibitory protein
• Mucinase
• Catalase
• Superoxide dismutase
• Vacuolating cytotoxin (Vac A)
• Cytotoxin-associated gene (Cag A)