MICRO102A > STREPTOCOCCUS > Flashcards

STREPTOCOCCUS Flashcards

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1
Q

How do you diagnose S. agalactiae?

A
  1. Direct smears
  2. Colony characteristics and biochemical tests
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2
Q

Give the species of streptococcus:

  • No pathogenic properties but omnipresent in milk
  • Common milk-souring in short chains
A

S. lactis

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3
Q

Give the pathogenesis of S. agalactiae. (target organs, spread, symptoms/clinical signs)

A
  • In mammary glands of cows, sheep and goats
  • Spread: milker’s hands, contaminated milking machines. mouth of calves
  • Enters thru teats and colonize mammary glands resulting to inflammation and fibrosis of adjoining area; milk becomes alkaline and WBC count exceed 500,000/ml; milk reduced, thin and watery
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4
Q

Give the 2 antigens emitted by S. equi.

A

R and M antigens (M protein is antiphagocytic)

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5
Q

Which specie of Streptococcus is the most common cause of suppurative arthritis in pigs causing lameness, swelling of points, and necrosis of joint surfaces?

A

S. equisimilis

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6
Q

How do you prevent S. equisimilis infection?

A

Vaccination

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7
Q

Give the species of streptococcus:

  • Meningitis and septicemia in young pigs
  • Group D
  • Zoonotic
A

S. suis

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8
Q

What are the classifications of Streptococcus under Sherman system? Give their corresponding associations.

A
  1. Pyogenic - pathogenic species
  2. Viridans - alpha/green hemolysis
  3. Lactic - associated with milk
  4. Enterococcus - intestine
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9
Q

Give the species of streptococcus:

  • Abundant in feces of horses
  • Not known to be pathogenic
A

S. equinus

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10
Q

Give the species of streptococcus:

  • Always present in mouth and intestinal tract of cattle
A

S. bovis

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11
Q

What is the virulence factor of Streptococcus that interferes with phagocytosis?

A

Hyaluronic acid capsule

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12
Q

Specie of Streptococcus that is found in secretions from infected udder; long chains

A

Streptococcus agalactiae

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13
Q

What virulence factors of S. equi makes it acquire high rate of survival?

A

M protein and hyaluronic acid

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14
Q

What is the incubation period of S. equi?

A

3 to 6 days to 3 weeks or longer

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15
Q

What diseases does S. zooepidemicus induces?

A
  1. Mastitis (cows)
  2. Fibrinous pleuritis (lambs)
  3. Pericarditis (lambs)
  4. Pneumonia (lambs)
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16
Q

S. equisimilus can reside in tonsillar tissues and draining lymph nodes. True or False?

A

True

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17
Q

Specie of Streptococcus that is most common cause of wound infection in horse

A

S. zooepidemicus

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18
Q

To what specie is S. zooepidemicus closely related?

A

S. equi and S. equisimilis

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19
Q

Extracellular products/toxins of Streptococcus that are low molecular weight proteins.

A

Erythrogenic toxin (A, B, C)

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20
Q

Give the symptoms of S. equi infection.

A
  1. High fever
  2. Small abscesses in submandibular and retropharyngeal lymph nodes; serous nasal discharge
  3. Rupturing of abscesses (1-2 weeks after infection)
  4. Bastard strangles
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21
Q

Virulence factors - Extracellular products - Hemolysins: What are the hemolysins responsible for beta hemolysis?

A

Streptolysins O and Streptolysins S

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22
Q

What is the virulence factor of Streptococcus that inhibits phagocytosis and induce immunotoxic effect on polymorphs and platelets?

A

Protein M

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23
Q

Extracellular enzyme that promotes spread of infection in tissues

A

Hyaluronidase

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24
Q

When Streptococcus grows in milk, what does it produce?

A

Lactic acid

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25
This specie of Streptococcus induce bovine mastitis (acute but mild) and does not react in Lancefield's grouping system
S. uberis
26
S. dysagalactiae produces hyaluronidase. True or False?
True
27
What is the appearance of S. agalactiae when inoculated on solid medium containing starch?
Brick red growth
28
Virulence factors - Extracellular products - Hemolysins: Between Streptolysin O and S, which is a protein and elicits neutralizing antibodies?
Streptolysin O
29
Give the species of streptococcus: - Mucous membranes of dogs and cats - Group G - Metritis and vaginitis in bitches
S. canis
30
Extracellular enzymes that assist in production of substrates for growth and reduces viscosity of fluid containing DNA (pus)
Dnases A, B, C, D/Streptodornase
31
Extracellular enzyme that kill phagocytes produced by some Group A streptococci
NADases
32
How do you prevent S. equi infection?
1. Heat-inactivated bacterin or M protein-rich extracts not useful 2. Avirulent, genetically modified strain stimulates local nasopharyngeal antibodies
33
Virulence factors - Extracellular products - Hemolysins: Between Streptolysin O and S, which is a peptide therefore non-antigenic?
Streptolysin S
34
Streptococcus are more fastidious bacteria therefore need enrichment with blood and serum. True or False?
True
35
What are the routes of S. equi?
1. Nasal (inhalation of infective droplets) 2. Oral (ingestion)
36
It is a good indicator of present or past Streptococcal infections.
Antibodies to Streptolysin O
37
Specie of Streptococcus that is a normal commensal of the skin and upper respiratory tract, tonsils, and lymphoid tissues of the horse.
S. zooepidemicus
38
When inoculated, what discoloration does S. dysagalactiae produces?
Distinct green discoloration
39
Give the complications (disease) of S. equi infection.
1. Laryngeal hemiplegia 2. Gittural pouch empyema 3. Purpura hemorrhagica (vaccination)
40
What is the principle behind the CAMP test?
Synergistic hemolysis produced by sequential action of staphylocococcal sphingomyelinase (beta toxin) and ceramide-binding (N-acyl sphingosine) of Streptococcus agalactiae
41
Specie of Streptococcus that causes strangles in horses
S. equi
42
Extracellular enzyme that has broad substrate specificity and is produced by Group A streptococci
Proteinase
43
Infection of S. dysagalactiae is more frequent than S. agalactiae. True or False?
False
44
What is the method of prevention for S. agalactiae?
None (?), vaccination is not proven effective.
45
Streptococcus species are motile. True or False?
False
46
What are the basis of Lancefield classification system of Streptococcus?
1. Serologically active carbohydrate (C substance) 2. Teichoic acid (?)
47
In culture media, S. equi produces what hemolysis?
B-hemolysis (Oxygen-sensitive streptolysin O-like hemolysin produces wide zone of Bhemolysis)
48
What are the 2 classification systems used to identify Streptococcus species?
1. Sherman 2. Lancefield
49
What classification is S. dysagalactiae in Lancefield system?
Lancefield group C
50
Streptococcus species contain catalase enzymes. True or False?
False
51
How do you diagnose S. equi?
1. RIA, ELISA 2. Mouse protection test 3. Gel diffusion precipitin test
52
What is the virulence factor of Streptococcus that is hair-like fimbriae and is responsible for attachment of streptococci to epithelial cells?
Lipoteichoic acid
53
Give the replication principle of S. equi.
Complement-derived chemotactic factors (C3a and C5a) released and attract PMN cells -> poweful toxins produced by microorganisms destroy phagocytes -> extracellular multiplication of microorganisms
54
Give the species of streptococcus: - Cervical lymphadenitis - Group E - Swine strangles - Abscessation of mandibular, retropharyngeal and parotid lymph nodes -> jowl abscessation
S. porcinus
55
Among the specie of Streptococcus, which is the secondary invader of viral infections of URT of foals and young horses?
S. zooepidemicus
56
Under electron microscope, how do you describe S. equi?
Outer surface has peach fuzz-like coating of protein
57
What is the typical test used to detect the presence of S. agalactiae?
CAMP test (Christine, Atkins, Munch-Petersen)
58
Describe the colonies of S. equi.
Colonies matt or mucoid - Matt colonies with irregular surface folding and look dried due to phagecontrolled hyaluronidase action on hyaluronic acid capsule
59
An extracellular product of Streptococcus that activates plasminogen to plasmin leading to digestion of fibrin clots; fibrinolysin.
Streptokinase
60
What are the habitats of Streptococcus?
1. Saprophytes in milk 2. Parasites in mucous membranes and intestines
61
Streptococcus can live in aerobic and anaerobic environment. True or False?
True, they are facultative anaerobe
62
Streptococcus species are non-sporeforming. True or False?
True
63
Specie of Streptococcus that induces acute, severe mastitis
S. dysagalactiae
64
What is strangles?
A severe purulent infection of the upper respiratory tract and draining lymph nodes in horses
65
Virulence factors - Extracellular products - Hemolysins: Both Streptolysin O and Streptolysin S are toxic for neutrophils and macrophages. True or False?
True
66
Among the types of Erythrogenic toxin, which is responsible for rashes in scarlet fever?
Group A
67
Streptococcus species are gram-positive. True or False?
True
68
Trace the pathway of S. equi in the body.
Enter epithelial cells of oropharynx -> become interiorized -> lymphatic drainage to submandibular and retropharyngeal lymph nodes -> abscess formation
69
Virulence factors - Extracellular products - Hemolysins: Both Streptolysin O and Streptolysin S are sensitive to oxygen. True or False?
False, only S.O.
70
How many groups are present in Lancefield classification system?
6 + 14 = 20 groups
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