Human Development Flashcards by Bethany Randolph

Psychodynamic theories focus on

unconscious processes rather than cognitive factors

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Eriksson focused on Ego functions. Freud focused on

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The moralistic, idealistic portion of the personality

superego

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behaviorists do not believe in

id ego or super ego. They believe all behaviors are acquired through a conditioning process.

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Milton Erickson is associated with

brief psychotherapy and innovative techniques in hypnosis

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Jean Piaget is the leading voice in

cognitive development in children according to 4 phases and based on epigenis (one phase must be completed prior to beginning another)

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the ego is know as

the reality principle

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Arnold Lazarus is considered a pioneer of

systematic desensitization, helping clients cope with phobias. also multimodal therapies.

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Robert Perry is known for

adult cognitive development, especially college students and the concept of dualistic (black and white) thinking.

P Piaget kids, Perry adults cognitive development

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Relativistic thinking

ability to perceive that not everything is right or wrong, but answers can exist relative to situations

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Robert Kegan stresses

interpersonal development (“a constructive model of development, individuals construct reality throughout the lifespan”)

“Kh” sounds
KEGand = constructive model of development

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Idiographic approaches (like Freud and Piaget) examine individuals in depth ______ approaches study large groups of people to create general principles

nomothetic approaches

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Piaget’s idiographic approach created his theory with four stages:

Sensorimotor, preparations, concrete operations, formal operations

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A t test is:

a parametric statistical test used in formal experiments to determine whether there is a significant difference between 2 groups

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Conservation refers to:

the notion that a substance’s weight, mass and volume remain the same even it changes shape

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Conservation, counting mentally and reversibility are mastered during which of Piaget’s stages

Concrete operations (7-11 years)

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Trust versus mistrust is which of Ericksson’s phases?

First

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According to Piaget’s theory symbolic schema is

a cognitive system that grows with life experience, system that permits the child to test out things in the physical world.

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Conservation develops in the following manner according to Piaget and Elkind

Mass, then weight, volume

Conservations: MWV

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Conservation occurs in which of Piaget’s stages

concrete (ages 7-11)

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Who expanded on Piaget’s conceptualization of moral development?

Lawrence Kohlberg. Used stories to determine the level of moral development in children.

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Kohlberg, Erikson, and Maslow’s theory are said to be:

epigenetic: each stage emerges from the one before it, has given order, systematic

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What is John B. Watson known for?

father of American Behaviorism, coined the term behaviorism in 1912

B for Behaviorism

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Preoperational thought (Piaget’s stage 2) involves

egocentrism “6 yr old says “The rain is following me.”

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Abstract thought occurs in which of Piaget's 4 stages?

The 4th and Final stage, Formal operations

C G Jung is the father of

Analytic Psychology

Kohlberg used stories to

evaluate a person's stage of moral development by virtue of the reason they gave for their choices

Kohlberg's theory has three levels of moral development:

pre conventional, conventional, post conventional (each broken down further into 2 stages) Morality=trinity=3

Freud is the father of

Psychoanalysis.

Menninger Psychiatric Clinic associated with

traditional psychoanalysis and biofeedback

RS in the counseling world stands for

religious and spiritual

The term "Positive Psychology " was coined by

Abraham Maslow “Positive”=glow “MasGlow”

Kohlberg 3 levels of morality. The 1st, Preconventional, in this level

reward and punishment (selfish motives) greatly influence behavior

Kohlberg has 3 levels of morality. In the 2nd, Conventional Morality,

people want to meet the standards of family society, even the nation

Kohlberg has 3 levels of morality, in the 3rd Postconventional morality

a person is concerned with universal , ethical principles of Justice, dignity, and equality of human rights.

Lev Vygotsky pioneered the idea of

proximal development

Proximal development describes

difference between a child is capable of with a teacher vs. without a teacher.

Freud and Erikson can be classified as

maturationists

Maturationists believe that

certain behaviors will not manifest themselves until the necessary stimuli is present in the environment childhood and past are important therapeutic topics

DBT focuses heavily on

mindfulness especially useful for self-harm ideation and suicidality, substance abuse

John Bowlby, British psychiatrist, is most closely associated with...

bonding and attachment

What is Arnold Gesell known for?

Maturationism (childs ability to learn is determined by genetics/heredity ie. must be of a certain age to learn) observing kids through one way mirror

Object loss is

when the bond with a caregiver is severed too early leads to psychopathology (Bowlby)

Symbiosis is the absolute dependence on

the female caretake (Margaret Mahler: Separation-individual theory of child development)

The midlife crisis occurs typically in which Erickson phase?

Generativity vs. stagnation (35-45, men: 30-40 for women)

Harry Harlow is known for his work with

rhesus monkeys on maternal deprivation and isolation (attachment innate, not learned)

"Males are better than females when performing mathematical equations" was true according to the research of

Maccoby and Jacklin

An individual who fails to do well in the intimacy vs. isolations phase may believe what about?

He or she can depend on no one but themselves

Ericksonian phase focused on sharing your life with another person

Intimacy vs. isolation (ages 23-34 years)

Conformity seems to peak during what age?

early teens

What is the difference between manifest and latent dream material for Freudians?

Manifest = dream material as the dreamer sees it Latent= the hidden meaning of the dream

True or False: Males commit suicide more often than females

True

Suicide is usually the _____ killer in the Usa and the __ or 3rd killer of teens

10nth- 11nth /// 2nd or 3rd

Suicidal clients often make suicide attempts before or after the depression begins to life?

after

African American females have the highest or lowest suicide rates in the US?

lowest

Are the MMPI-2 and the Rorschach good predictors of suicide or suicide attempts?

When is fear of death greatest?

In Middle Age (Erikson)

In Freudian theory, attachment is a major factor when?

which evolves in the oral age (like mouth to breast attachment)

Latency (means hidden) is the only of Freuds stages that is not primarily what?

psychosexual in nature. In Latency (6-12) sexuality is repressed or hidden.

Stanley Coopersmith studied self esteem in

kids. More rules= more self-esteem

B. F. Skinner, associated with ABA (applied behavior analysis) is associated with

Behaviorism (prime mover in behaviorism)

Stage theorists (like Freud or Erikson) assume what?

Qualitative changes occur between stages

Development psychologists are fond of looking for what kind of influences on behavior?

prenatal influences (smoking, alcohol)

Heredity assumes ___ pairs of chromosomes which transmit heritable characteristics and genes composed of ____ hold a genetic code

23... DNA

The portion of a trait that can be explained via genetic factors is called

heritability

Abstract concepts of time or distance can only be comprehended via what kind of thinking?

Abstract thinking (formal operational stage, final stage Piaget)

Kohlberg lists ______ stages of moral development which fall into ____ levels

6 stages, 3 levels

Oedipus complex (or oedipus stage) occurs during which of Freud's psychosexual stages

Phallic ("p" in both words)

The word "desensitization" is connected to Psychoanalysis (Freud) or behaviorism?

Behaviorism, refers to behavior therapy techniques that help to reduce anxiety reactions

Libidinal is related to the word libido which means

the sexual impulse or desire

How did Eleanor Gibson research the matter of depth perception in children?

"a visual cliff" apparatus. Showed depth perception (by 6 mo. old) is inherent

Empiricism (we learn by experience) is the forerunner of

behaviorism

Organismic theorists are to _______ as empiricists are to ______

Qualitative (changes occur internally and can't always be measured).... quantitative (changes can be measured). views are seen as opposing

Which school of thought would say "If I can't measure it, it doesn't exist!"

behaviorists value statistics and emphasize environment in terms of development

Which school of thought says "an individuals actions are more important that the environment" in terms of development

Organismic

Harry Harlow discovered _____ was even more important than milk to the rhesus monkeys.

Contact (they clung to the mothers given them)

Organismic, opposite of behavioristic empiricism, has also described ______ Therapists, like Kurt _______, because they emphasize a _______ model.

Gestalt, Goldstein, Holistic (the whole orGanism)

Reflexes play the greatest role in which of Piaget's stages?

Sensorimotor (object permanence in this phase, 8 mo)

Object permanence, concept of time, and causality are all learned during

Sensorimotor Operations (Piaget stage 1)

A mental representation of the real world is called

a schema

Jay Haley is known for: A: problem solving therapy b: utilizing technique of paradox C: work with phobias D. A and B

A and B Problem solving therapy and utilizing technique of paradox

Arnold Lazarus is known for: A. Pioneer in behavior therapy movement B. Systematic desensitization C multimodal therapy D. All of the above

All of the above!

Robert Perry is known his work regarding A. Cognitive development of children B. Cognitive development of adults, especially college students

B. Cognitive development of adults, especially college college students

Robert Perry stresses A. Egos control of a person B. Psychometric C. Dualistic thinking, black or white thinking

C. Dualistic thinking common to teens

The opposite of dualist thinking is:

Relativistic thinking, the answering be relative to the situation at hand

Robert Kegan’s model stresses “interpersonal development “ is a constructive model of development meaning

Individuals construction reality throughout the lifespan

Ideographic approaches study individuals in depth while nomothetic approaches study _______ numbers of people

Large

Conservation, mental counting both occur in which of Piagets stages

Concrete operations (ages 7-11)

Vygotsky believed developmental stages unfolded A. only with educational intervention B. Naturally (epigentically)

A only with educational intervention B

Harry Stack Sullivan’s theory of “psychiatry of interpersonal relations”is similar to Erickson in that A. Biological determination is seems as less important that interpersonal issues/societal demands B. It has stages

Both

Vessel, Freud and Ericsson were A. Behaviorists B. Maturationists

Maturationists

Behaviorists like Skinner emphasize the importance of the A. Environment B .Nurture C. Gender

A. Environment. (Clinical. Applications of this are called ABA or Applied behavior analysis)

Centration (focusing only on the red nose of a clown in full makeup) is part of the: A. Sensory motor stage B. Preoperstional stage C. Concrete operational stage

B preoperational stage

Preoperational stage occurs at 1-2 years 2-7 7-11 years

2-7 (acquisition of symbolic schema and symbolic play)

Robert J. Havinghurst also proposed developmental processes in stages like:

Freud and Ericksson

Jane Loevinger proposed ego develeopment in 7 stages culminating in “being integrated” which is similar to A. Maslows self-actualization B Kohkbergs Post conventional morality C both

C both

The primary work on imprinting was done by A.ericksson B. Lorenz C. Harlow

B. Konrad Lorenze

Piaget is A a maturationist B a behaviorist C structuralist who believes stage changes are qualitative D. Cognitive-behavioral

C structuralist who believes stage changes are qualitative D

Robert Kegan speaks of a “holding environment” in counseling in which : A. An encounter group B. Biofeedback C. The client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction D. The activity of meaning making is discouraged

C in which the client can make meaning the face of a crisis and can find new direction new direction

Human Development Flashcards

(102 cards)