Research and Program Evaluation Flashcards by Bethany Randolph

The most valuable type of research is:
a. always conducted using factor analysis
b. conducted using the chi-square
c. the experiment, used to discover cause and effect relationship
d. the quasi experiement

c. the experiment, used to discover cause and effect relationship

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Experiements emphasize parsimony, which means
a. interpreting the results in the simplest way
b. interpreting the results in the most complex manner
c. interpreting the results using a correlation coefficient
d. interpreting the results using a clinical review

a. interpreting the results in the simplest way
(ex. factor analysis)

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Occam’s Razor suggests that experimenters
a. interpret the result in the simplest manner
b. interpret the results in the most complex manner
c. interpret the results using a correlation coefficient
d. interpret the results using a clinical interview

a. interpret the result in the simplest manner

(flaws in research are often called “bubbles”)

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A counselor educator is running an experiment to test a new form of counseling. Unbeknownst to the experimenter on of the clients in the study is secretly seeing a gestalt therapist. This experiment
a. is parsimonious
b. is an example of Occam’s Razor
c. is confounded/flawed
d. is valid and will most likely help the field of counseling

c. is confounded/flawed

(all correlational research is said to be confounded)

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Nondirective is to person-centered as
a. psychological teting is to counseling
b. confounding is to experimenting
c. appraisal is to research
d. parsimony is to Occam’s Razor

d. parsimony is to Occam’s Razor

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T/F? The APA’s Journal of Counseling Psychology publishes more counseling research articles than any other periodical in our field.

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An Experiment is said to be confounded when
a. undesirable variables are not kept out of the experiment
b. undesirable variables are kept out of the experiment
c. basic research is used in place of applied research
d. the sample is random

a. undesirable variables are not kept out of the experiment
(Confounding is said to occur when an undesirable variable which is not controlled by the research is introduced in the experiment= contaminating variable)

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In experimental terminology IV stand for XXXX and DV stands for XXXX.
a. independent variable, dependent variable
b. dependent variable, independent variable
c. individual variable, dependent variable
d. independent variable, designer variable

a. independent variable, dependent variable

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T/F? Data gleaned from the causal comparative ex post facto or after the fact design can be analyzed with a test of significance (eg a t-test or ANOVA) just like any true experiment

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A professor of counselor education hypothesized that biofeedback training could reduce anxiety and improve the average score on written board exams. If this professor decides to conduct a formal experiment, the IV will be the XXXX and the DV will be the XXXXX.

a. professor , anxiety level
b. anxiety level, board exam score
c. biofeedback , board exam score
d. board exam score, biofeedback

c. biofeedback, board exam score

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Experimenters should always abide by a code of ethics. The variable you manipulate/control in an experiment is the:
a. DV
b. Dependent Variable
c. the variable you will measure to determine the outcome
d. IV or independent variable

d. IV or independent variable

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In order for the professor of counselor education to conduct an experiment regarding his hypothesis he will need a(n)XXXX and a(n) XXXX.

a. biofeedback group; systematic desensitization group
b. control group; systemic desensitization group
c. control group; experimental group
d. control group with at least 60 subjects; experimental group with at least 60 subjects

c. control group; experimental group
(The control group does not receive the IV. The experimental group receives the IV)

-if you cannot randomly assign subjects to the two groups then your exam will consider your research a quasi-experiment )

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T/F/ most experts suggest that you need at least 45 people to conduct a true experiment.

F. You need at least 30 people to conduct a true experiment.

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Correlational research requires XXX subjects per variable while a survey should include at least XXXX people.

30 subjects per variable, a survey should include at least 100 people

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In order for the professor of counselor education to conduct the experiment suggest in #708 the experimental group would need to receive:
a. the manipulated IV
b. the biofeedback training
c. a and b
d. the organismic IV

c. a and b
(a. the manipulated IV
b. the biofeedback training)

(organismic variables are IV’s that cannot be manipulated like height, weight, or gender)

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Hypothesis testing is most closely related to the work of:
a. Robert Hoppock
b. Sigmund Freud
c. Lloyd Morgan
d. R.A. Fisher

d. R.A. Fisher
(Hypothesis testing was pioneered by R.A. Fisher)

A HYPOTHESIS IS A STATEMENT WHICH can be tested regarding the relationship of the IV and the DV

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The null hypothesis suggests that there will not be a significant difference between the experimental group which received the IV and the control group which did not. Thus if the experiment in question 708 was conducted, the null hypothesis would suggest that
a. all students receiving biofeedback training would score equally well on the board exam
b. systematic desensitization might work better than biofeedback
c. biofeedback will not improve the board exam scores
d. meta-analysis is required

c. biofeedback will not improve the board exam scores

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The hunch is known as the experimental or alternative hypothesis. The experimental hypothesis suggests that a difference will be evident between the control group and the experimental group (i.e., the group receiving the IV). Thus, if the experiment in question 708 were conducted the experimental hypothesis would suggest that
a. biofeedback would raise board scores
b. the control group will score better on the board exam
c. there will be no difference between the experimental and the control group
d. the experiment has been confounded

a. biofeedback would raise board scores

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From a purely statistical standpoint, in order to compare a control group (which does not receive the IV or experimental manipulation) to the experimental group the researcher will need
a. a correlation coefficient
b. only descriptive statistics
c. percentile rank
d. a test of significance

d. a test of significance (a t test would be used to determine if a significant difference between the two groups exists) this is known as “independent group comparison design”

(a. correlation coefficient does not make use of IV’s being experimentally introduced)

(b. Descriptive statistics will only describe the results ex. mean, median, mode
c. perscentile ranch falls under descriptive statistics)

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When a research study uses different subjects for each condition, it is called a. between-subjects design
b. within-subjects design

a. between-subjects design

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If the same subjects are employed (eg. such as in repeated measures) it could be called
a. within-subjects-design
b. between - subjects design

a. within-subjects design

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When you see the letter P in relation to a test of significance it means
a. portion
b. population parameter
c. probability
d. the search is using an ethnographic qualitative approach

c. probability (refers to the probability or level of significance) The level of significance must be set before the experiment begins

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In the social sciences the accepted probability level is usually
a. .05 or less
b. 1.0 or higher
c. .0001 or less
d. .05 or higher

a. .05 or less
(the most popular levels of significance are .05 and .01)

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p= .05 really means that
a. five subjects were not included in the study
b. there is only a 5
% chance that the difference between the control group and the experimental groups is due to chance factors
c. the level of significance is .01
d. no level of significance has been set

b. there is only a 5
% chance that the difference between the control group and the experimental groups is due to chance factors

the exam could refer to “the level of significance” as the “level of confidence” or simply “the confidence level”

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p= .05 really means that a. differences truly exist, the experimenter will obtain the same results 95 times out of 100 b. differences truly exist, the experimenter will obtain the same results 99 times out of 100 c. there's a 95% error factor d. there is a 10% error factor

a. differences truly exist, the experimenter will obtain the same results 95 times out of 100

The study that would best rule out chance factors would have a significance level of a. .05. b. .01. c. .001. d. .08.

c. .001. The smaller the value for P the more stringent the level of significance. Here, .001= a chance of 1 in 1,000 chance the results of the experiment are the results of chance .05= 1 in 20 .01= one in 100

Type I and Type II errors are called XXXX and XXXX respectively. a. beta, alpha b. .01, .05 c. a and b. d. alpha, beta

d. alpha, beta Alpha: researcher rejects the null hypothesis when it is true Beta: researcher accepts null hypothesis when it is false

T/F/? The probability of committing a Type I error equals the level of significance.

T , the level of significance is often referred to as the "alpha level"

T/F: 1 minus beta is called "the power of a statistical test"

T: In this respect, power means a statistical test's ability to reject correctly a false null hypothesis

A Type I error occurs when a. you have a beta error b. you accept null when it is false c. you reject null it is true d. you fail to use a test of significance.

c. you reject null it is true (Memory Device: RA 1/Alpha- Rejects 2/Beta-Accepts)

A Type II error: a. is also called a beta error b. means you reject null when it is applicable c. means you accept a null when it is false d. a and c

d. a and c

Assume the experiment in question 708 is conducted. The results indicate that the biofeedback helped raise written board exam scores but in reality this is not the case. The researcher has made a" a. Type I error b. Type II error c. beta error d. b and c

a. Type I error as first the Null Hypothesis was rejected when it should have been accepted.

A counselor educator decides to increase the sample size in her experiment. This will: a. confound the experiment in nearly every case b. raise the probability of Type I and Type II errors c. have virtually no impact on Type I and Type II errors d. reduce Type I and Type II errors

D. reduce Type I and Type II errors "Raising the sample size helps lower the risk of error factors. Differences revealed via large samples are more likely to be genuine that differences revealed using a small sample size. "

If a researcher changes the significance level from .05 to .001, then a. aloha and beta errors will increase b. alpha errors increase but beta errors decrease c. alpha errors decrease, however, bet errors increase d. this will have no impact on Type I and Type II errors

c. alpha errors decrease, however beta errors increase

A counselor believes that clients who receive assertiveness training will ask more questions in counseling classes. An experiment groups receives assertiveness training while a control group does not. In order to test for significant differences between the groups the counselor should utilize: a. the student's t test b. a correlation coefficient c. a survey d. an analysis of variance (ANOVA)

A. the student's t test (the t test is used to ascertain whether two sample means are significantly different. When you go to a t Table to check the computed t value, if the t value is lower than the critical T in the table, you accept the null. If it is exceeds the number in the table, you reject the Null hypothesis)

ANCOVA tests for XXXX or more groups while controlling for extraneous variables called XXX

2, covariates

The Krystal-Wallis is used instead of the XXXX-way ANOVA when the data are XXXXX

One way Anova, nonparametric

The Wilcoxon signed-rank test, is used in place of the XX-test when the data are XXXX and you wish to test whether two correlated means differ significantly

t test, nonparametric

The Mann-Whitney U test determines whether two XXXX means differ significantly when the data are nonparametric

Uncorrelated (Mann-Whitney U Test)

the Spearman correlation of Kendall's tau is used in place of XXXXX when parametric assumptions XXXX be utilized

Pearson's r, when parametric assumptions CANNOT be utilized

The chi-square non parametric test examines whether obtained frequencies XXX XXXXXX from expected frequencies.

differ significantly

Statisticians have created nonparametric tests that parallel the popular parametric measures True or False

True

The researcher in question 27 now attempts a more complex experiment. One group receives no assertiveness training, a second group receives four assertiveness training sessions and 3rd group receives 6 sessions. The statistic of choice would be the: a mean b. t test c. two-way ANOVA d. ANOVA

d. ANOVA (one way analysis of variance) when there is more than one level of a single independent variable (IV), the assertiveness training

If the researcher in the previous question utilized two IV's instead two levels of one IV then the statistic of choice would be a. median b.t test c. two way ANOVA or MANOVA d. ANOVA

c. two way ANOVA or M (multivariate)ANOVA

To complete a t test you would consult a tabled value of t. In order to see if significant differences exist in an ANOVA you would consult a. the mode b. a table for t values c. a table for F values d. the chi-square

c. a table for F values

Which level of significance would best rule out chance factors? a. .05 b. .01 c. .2 d. .001

d. 001

When a researcher uses correlation, then there is no direct manipulation of the IV. A researcher might as how IQ correlates with the incidence of panic disorder. Nothing is manipulated, just measured. In such cases as this, a correlation coefficient will reveal a. the relationship between IQ and panic disorder b. the probability that a significant difference exists c. an F test d. percentile rank

a.the relationship between IQ and panic disorder. this statistic is known as a "correlation coefficient" abbreviated with lower-case "r."

A positive correlation does not indicate a stronger correlation than a negative one of the same numerical value. -.70 is stronger than .60. the (-) describes the fact that as one variable goes up the other goes down. True or False?

True

If data indicate that students who study a lot get ver high scores on state counselor exams, then the correlation between study time and LPC exam scores would be a. positive b. negative c. 0.00 d. impossibile to ascertain

a. positive (both variables go up rather than having a one go up/one go down correlation which would be (-) negative.

Biserial correlation= one variable is continuous (i.e. measured via interval scale) while the other is dichotomous. True/false

True

Which of the following would most likely yield a perfect correlation of 1.00? a. IQ and salary b. ICD diagnosis and salary c. Length in inches and Length in cm d. heigh and weight

c. Length in inches and Length in cm

A good guess would be that if you would correlate the length of CACREP graduates baby toes with their CPCE scores the result would be a. close to 0.00 b.close to a perfect 1.00 c. close to a perfect negative correlation of -1.00 d. be about +.70

a. close to 0.00 as the variation of one variable is most likely totally unrelated to the variation of the other.

Dr. X discovered that the correlation between therapists who hold NCC status and therapists who practice systematic desensitization is .90. A student who perused Dr. X's research told his fellow students that Dr. X had discovered that attaining NCC status causes therapists to become behaviorally oriented. The student is incorrect because a. systematic deensitation is not a behavioral strategy b. this can only be determined by a histogram c. the study suffers from longitudinal and maturational effects d. correlation does not imply causality.

d. correlation does not imply causality.

When correlational data describes the nature of two variables, the term XXXX is used. When it is more than two the term d. correlation does not imply XXXX is used to describe the correlational paradigm.

bivariate, multivariate

Behaviorists often utilize N=1, which is called intensive experimental design. The first step in this approach would be to a. consult a random number table b. decide on a nonparametric statistical test c. take a baseline measure d. compute the range

c. take a baseline measure (N=1 means this is a one person case study. baseline is taken of a behavior, treatment protocol is implemented, and then another baseline is taken)

In a new study the clients do not know whether they are receiving an experimental treatment for depression or whether they are simply part of the control group. This is, nevertheless known to the researcher. This is a a. double-blind study b. single-blind study c. baseline for an intensive N=1 design d. participant observer model

b. single-blind study

A large study at a major university gave an experimental group of clients a new type of therapy that was intended to ameliorate test anxiety. The control group did not receive the new therapy. Neither the clients or researchers knew which students received the new treatment. This was a: a. double-blind study b. single-blind study c. type AB design d. cased of correlational research

a. double-blind study

When a baseline is secured and then an intervention is implemented, this is an AB model. ABA or ABAB models are called "xxxxx designs"

withdrawal

Single study case studies of various types are once again gaining in popularity. True/ False

True

Experimental is to cause and effect as correlational is to a. blind study b. double-blind study c. n=1 design d. degree of relationship

d. degree of relationship "A correlational coefficient is a descriptive statistic which indicates the degree of "linear relationship"

In correlational statistics, Pearson r is to XXX as the Spearman rho is to XXXXX a. eggs and bacon b. Ben and Whit c. interval and ratio data/ ordinal data

c. interval and ratio data/ ordinal data

In a normal curve the mean, the median, and the mode all fall precisely i the middle of the curve. From a graphical standpoint the so-called normal or Gaussian curve (named for astronomer/mathematician K.F. Gauss) looks like a. a symmetrical bell b. the top half of a bowling ball c. the top half of a hot dog d. a mountain which is leaning toward the left.

a. a symmetrical bell

the 68-95-99.7 rule (the empirical rule) states that in a normal distribution, 68% of scores falls between XXXX, 95 % fall between XXXX, and 99.7 between XXX of the mean. This means almost all scores fall with in 3 SD of the mean

68%= +/- 1 SD 95%= +/- 2 SD 99.7= +/- 3 SD

The most common measures of central tendency are the mean, the median, and the mode. The mode is: a. the most frequently occurring score and the least important measure of central tendency b. always 10% less than the average c. the arithmetic average d. the middle score in the distribution of scores.

a. most frequently occurring score and the least important measure of central tendency (the modal score is the highest point on the bell curve)

A bimodal distribution has two modes (i.e. most frequently occurring scores). Graphically, this roughly looks like a. a symmetrical bell-shaped curve b. a camel's back with two humps c. the top half of a bowling ball d. a mountain leaning toward the left.

b. a camel's back with two humps (ex. a distribution of men and women's heights)

In a basic curve or so-called frequency polygon the point of maximum concentration is the: a. mean b. median c. mode d. range

c. mode ( the number that ocurrs most frequently. (mean is the average of the numbers: add together and divide by total number) median: the score in the exact middle of the distribution range: subtract lowest number from highest number.

The larger the range the greater the dispersion or spread of scores from the mean. True/false

True

The most useful measure of central tendency is the: a. mean, often abbreviated by an X with a bar over it b. median, abbreviated by Md. or Mdn. c. mode, often abbreviated by Mo d. point of maximum concentration

a. mean. often abbreviated by an X with a bar over it. (median is most useful when there is a skewed distribution- one with lots of outliers)

In a career c9unseling session an electrical engineer mentions three jobs he has held. the first paid $10/hr, the second paid $30/hr, and the 3rd paid $50/hr. The counselor responds that the client is averaging $30/hr. The counselor is using a. a Pearson Product-moment Correlation coefficient b. a factorial design c. the harmonic mean d. the mean

d. the mean *Factorial design: used when there are 2 or more independent variables

From a mathematical standpoint, the mean is merely the sum of the scores divided by the number of scores. The mean is misleading when: a. the distribution is skewed. b. the distribution has no extreme scores c. there are extreme scores d. a and c

d. a and c

When a distribution of scores is not distributed normally, staticians call it a. Gauss' curve b. a symmetrical bell-shaped curve c. a skewed distribution d. an invalid distribution

c. a skewed distribution (here the right and left side of the curve are not mirror distributions, the mean median and mode fall at different points)

The median is:] a. the middle score when the data are arranged from highest to lowest b. the arithmetic average c. the most-frequent value obtained d. never more useful that the mean

a. the middle score when the data are arranged from highest to lowest (when there are even amount of data given- like 10 numbers- take the middle two, add them and divide by 2. The mean of these 2 numbers if the median of the data set)

In a new experiment, a counselor educator wants to ferret out the effects of more than one IV. She will use a XXX design a. Pearson product-Moment r b. Spearman rand order rho c. factorial d. Solomon four-group

c. Factorial (can't be A or B as those are correlational, not purely experimental ) (Solomon 4 group has two sets of experimental and control groups but only one set is just post tested)

Regardless of the shape, the XXX will always bet the high point when a distribution is displayed graphically. a. degrees of freedom b. mean c. median d. mode

d. mode

A group of first semester grad students took an experimental counseling exam that was much more difficult that the NCE. All of the students scored very low. A distribution of their scores would a. always be a bimodal distribution b. be positively skewed c. be negatively skewed d. produce a curve with a long tail to the left side of the graph

b. be positively skewed (all the data would be left of the middle but it is the tail- which would be in positive territory. The tail placement defines the + or - skew)

Nine of the world's finest counseling educators are given an elementary exam on counseling theory. Needless to say, all scored extremely high. The distribution of the scores would most likely be a. a bell-shaped curve b. positively skewed c. negatively skewed d. indicative that more information would be necessary

c. negatively skewed.

Billy received an 82 on his college math final. This is Billy's raw score on the test. A raw score simply refers to the number of items correctly answered. A raw score is expressed in the units by which it was originally obtained. The raw score is not altered mathematically. Billy's raw score indicates that a. he is roughly a B student b. he answered 82% correctly c.his percentile rank is 82 d. more information is obviously necessary.

d. more information is obviously necessary (ex. how many questions were on the test?)

The benefit of XXXXX XXXX such as percentiles, t-scores, z-scores, staines, or standard deviations over raw scores is that a standard score allows you to analyze the data in relation to the properties of the normal XXX XXXXX XXXX

standard scores , bell shaped curve

A distribution with class intervals can be graphically displayed via a bar graph also called a a. histogram b. sociogram c. genogram d. genus

a. histogram

When a horizontal line is drawn under a frequency distribution it is known as a. mesokurtic b. the y axis c. the ordinate d. the x axis

d. the x axis (horizontal axis used to plot the independent variable, aka the abscissa) (the y axis, aka the ordinate, is the vertical axis which is used as a scale for the dependent variable.)

The x axis is used to plot the IV scores. The x axis could also be called the XXXX on the exam: a. y axis b. abscissa c. DV d. vertical axis

b. abscissa (x axis plots the independent variable, the factor manipulated by the experimenter)

The y axis is used to plot the frequency of the DV. The y axis could also be called the XXXX on the exam: a. ordinate b. abscissa c. IV d. horizontal axis

a. ordinate The ordinate plots the DV or experimental data. ("Y" is a vertical letter, like the axis itself)

If the distribution is bimodal, then there is a good chance that a. the curve will be normal b. the curve will be shaped like a symmetrical bell c. the researcher is working with two distinct populations d. the research is useless in the field of counseling

c. the researcher is working with two distinct populations (ie. weights of adult men and 10 yr old boys)

If an experiment can be replicated by others with almost identical findings, then the experiment is a. impacted by the observer effect b. said to be a naturalistic observation c. the result of ethological observation d. said to be reliable

d. said to be reliable

The range is a measure of variance and usually is calculated by determining the difference between the highest and lowest score. thus, on a test where the top score was a 93 and the lowest was a 33 out of 100 the range would be: a. 61 b. 77 c. 59 d. more information is necessary

a. 61 (some books define the range as the highest score minus the lowest score minus 1, aka the "inclusive range")

A sociogram is to a counseling group as a scattergram is to a. the normal curve b. the range c. the correlation coefficient d. the John Henry Effect

c. the correlation coefficient (a scattergram- aka a scatterplot- is a pictorial diagram or graph of two variables being correlated)

A counselor educator is teaching two separate classes in individual inventory. in the morning class the educator has 53 students and in the afternoon class she has 177 students. A statistician would expect the range of scores on a test would be: a. greater in the afternoon class than the morning class. b. smaller in the afternoon class c. impossible to speculate about with more data d. nearly the same in either class.

a. greater in the afternoon class that the normal class The range generally increases with sample size.

The variance is a measure of dispersion of scores around some measure of central tendency. The variance is the standard deviation squared. A popular IQ test has a standard deviation (SD) of 15. A counselor would expect that if the mean IQ score is 100 then a. the average score on the test would be 122 b. 95% of the people who take the test will score between 85-115 c. 99% of the ppl will score between 85-115 d. 68% of the people who take the test will score between 85-115

d. 68% of the ppl will score within +1/-1 pf the SD of the mean (95% will fall between +/-2 SD of the mean 99.74% will fall between +/- 3 of the mean)

The variance is a measure of dispersion of scores around some measure of central tendency. The variance is the standard deviation squared. A popular IQ test has a standard deviation (SD) of 15. A counselor would expect that if the mean IQ score is 100 then, a personal with a n IQ of 122 would fall within: a. + or - 1 SD of the mean b. the average IQ range c. an IQ score which is more than 2 SD above the mean d. + or -2 SD of the mean

d. + or - 2SD of the mean The great the SD, the greater the spread of scores

The standard deviation (SD) is the square root of the variance. A z-score of +1would be the same as a. 1 SD above the mean b. 1 SD below the mean c. the same as a so called t-score d. the median score if the population is normal

a. 1 SD above the mean Z SCORES are the SAME as standard deviations! they are often called "standard scores"

Z-scores (also called standard scores) are the same as standard deviations, thus a z-score -2.5 means a. 2.5 SD below the mean b. 2.5 SD above the mean c. a CEEB score of 500 d. -.05% of the population falls within this area of the curve

a. 2.5 SD below the mean (CEEB ranges from 200 to 800 with a mean of 500, SD of 100)

A t-score is different from a z-score. A z-score is the same as the SD. A t-score, however, has a mean of 50 with every 10 points landing at a SD above or below the mean. Thus a t-score of 60 would equal +1 SD while a t-score of 40 would be a. -2 SD b.-1 SD c. a z-score of +2 d. a z-score of +1

b. -1 SD

An IQ score on an IQ test which was 3 SD above the mean would be a. about average b. slightly below the norm for adults c. approximately 110 d. very superior

d. very superior

A playykurtic distribution would approximately look like: a. the upper half of a bowling ball b. the normal distribution c. the upper half of a hot dog, lying on its side over the abcisssa d. a camel's back

c. the upper half of a hot dog, lying on its side over the abcisssa kurtosis= the peakedness of a frequency distribution (A platykurtic distribution is flatter and more spread out than the normal curve (like a plate) a leptokurtic distribution is tall, thin, and peaked = Superman lept-over the peaks in a single bound!)

Tet scores on an exam that fell below 3 SD of the mean or above 3 SD of the mean could be described as a. extreme b. very typical or within the average range c. close to the mean d. very low scores

a. extreme (very high or very low)

In WWII the Air Force used stannic scores as a measurement. STANINE SCORES DIVIDE THE DISTRIBUTION INTO 9 EQUAL INTERVALS WITH STANINE 1 AS THE LOWEST 9TH AND 9 AS THE HIGHEST. IN THIS SYSTEM, 5 IS THE MEAN. Thus the Binet IQ of 101 would fall in the Stanine a. 1 b. 9 c. 5 d. 7

c. 5

There are 4 basic measurement scales: the nominal, the ordinal, the interval, and the ratio. The nominal scale is strictly a qualitative scale. It is the simplest type of scale. *It is used to distinguish logically separated groups.* Which of the following illustrates the function of the nominal scale? a. a horse categorized as a second-place winner in a show b. a DSM or ICD diagnostic category c. An IQ score of 111 d. The weight of an Olympic barbell set.

b. a DSM or ICD diagnostic category *A nominal scale has no true zero point and does not indicate order Memory device that shows increasing complexity "NOIR" Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, & Ratio)

The ordinal scale rank orders variables, though the *relative distance between the elements and is not always equal*. An example of this would be: a. a horse is categorized as a second-place winner in a race b. an IQ score of 111 c. the weight of an Olympic barbell set d. a temperature of 78 degrees Fahrenheit

a. a horse is categorized as a second-place winner in a race *The ordinal scale provides relative placement or standing but does not delineate absolute differences *Adding, subtracting, multiplying or dividing makes no sense with this scale. It simply ranks ORDER

The interval scale has numbers scaled at equal distances but has no absolute zero point. Most test used in school fall into this category. You can add and subtract using interval scales but cannot multiply or divide. An example of this would be that a. an IQ of 70 is 70 points below an IQ of 140, yet a counselor could not assert that a client with an IQ of 140 is twice as intelligent as a client with an IQ of 70 b. a 20 lb weight is half as heavy as a 40 lb weight c. a first-place runner is three times as fast as the third-place finisher d. a baseball player with a 9 on his uniform can get 9 times more hits than a player with 1

a. an IQ of 70 is 70 points below an IQ of 140, yet a counselor could not assert that a client with an IQ of 140 is twice as intelligent as a client with an IQ of 70 *IQ tests provide interval measurement.

A ratio scale is an interval scale with a true zero point. Ratio measurements are possible using this scale. Addition substation, multiplication, and division all can be utilized on a ratio scale. In terms of counseling research a. the ratio scale is the most practical. b. all true studies utilize the ratio scale c. a and b d. the most psychological attributes cannot be measured on a ratio scale

d. the most psychological attributes cannot be measured on a ratio scale

Researchers often utilize naturalistic observation when doing ethological investigation of children's behavior. In this approach a. the researcher manipulates the IV b. the researcher manipulates the IV and the DV c. the researcher does not manipulate or control variables d. the researcher will rely on a 2x3 factorial design

c. the researcher does not manipulate or control variables. (d= first variable has 2 levels (ex. male and female) and second variable has 3 levels = 2x3 factorial design)

The simplest form of descriptive research is the XXX which requires a questionnaire return or completion rate of XXX to be accurate. a. survey, 5% b. survey, 10-25% c. survey, 50-75% d. survey, 95%

c. survey, 50-75% Survey problems include: poor construction of the instrument, a low return rate, and the face that often subjects are not picked at random and thus are not representative of the population

A researcher gives a depressed patient a sugar pill and the individual's depression begins to lift. This is known as: a. the Hawthorne effect b. the Halo effect c. the placebo effect d. the learned helplessness syndrome

c. the placebo effect (a "nocebo" has a negative effect such as when a doctor comments that a person has only a few weeks to live due to an illness)

A researcher notes that a group of clients who are not receiving counseling , but are observed in a research study, are improving. her hypothesis is that the attention she has given them has been curative. The best explanation of their improvement would be: a. the Hawthorne effect b. the Halo effect c. the Rosenthal Effect d. a Type II error in the research

a. the Hawthorne effect (sometimes known as the observer effect)

An elementary school counselor tells the third-grade teacher that a test revealed that certain children will excel during the school year. In reality, no such test was administered. Moreover, the children were unaware of the experiment. By the end of the year, all of the children who were supposed to excel, did. This would best be explained by a. the Hawthorne effect b. the Halo Effect c. the Rosenthal effect (or experimenter expectancy effect) d. observer bias.

c. The Rosenthal effect=experimenter expectancy effect

A panel of investigators discovered that a researcher who completed a major study had unconsciously rated attractive females as better counselors. This is an example of: a. the Hawthorne effect b. the Halo effect c. the Rosenthal effect d. trend analysis (ANOVA can help with)

b. the Halo effect (occurs when a trait which is not being evaluated influences a researchers rating)

All of the following describe the analysis of covariance technique except: a. it is a correlation coefficient b. It controls for sample differences which exist. c. It helps to remove confounding extraneous variables. d. It statistically eliminates differences in average values influenced by covariates

a. it is a correlation coefficient (the ANCOVA is often referred to as "an adjusted average", it aims to eliminate extra factors that make ID less alike)

Three years ago an inpatient addiction treatment center in a hospital asked their clients if they would like to undergo an archaic form of therapy created by Wilhelm Reich known as "vegotherapy". Half people said yes, half stuck to a tried and true program. Outcome data on their drinking was compiled at the end of seven weeks. Three years later, someone compared the two grou9ps based on their drinking behavior at the end of the seven weeks using a t-test. This study could be best described as: a. correlation research b. a true experiement c. a cohort study d. causal comparative research

d. causal comparative research cohort study= ppl born at the same time or who lived through something significant (vietnam war, great depression etc)

Research and Program Evaluation Flashcards

(109 cards)