hydration

Question 1

how is the catalytic hydration of alkenes an electrophilic addition reaction

Answer 1

A carbocation is formed and a electrophile is involved

Question 2

what are two methods used in the hydration of alkenes

Answer 2

-the industrial method
-the laboratory method

Question 3

what catalyst and conditions are used in the industrial method

Answer 3

steam(water vapour) is passed over the alkene in the presence of the H3PO4 catalyst adsorbed on sillica. It occurs under high temperature(573K) and pressure (60atm)

Question 4

whats the name for the industrial method

Answer 4

steam cracking hydration

Question 5

1) how is the electrophile produced

Answer 5

H3PO4 dissasoociates and provides a H+ ion which acts as an electrophile. The electron pair from the Pi bond attack it (protonation)

Question 6

what are the three ways in which an electrophile can be produced

Answer 6

-via an acid
-via permenant dipole
-via temporary induced dipoel causes by C=C bond

Question 7

why dont any electrons move onto H2PO4

Answer 7

H+ doesnt have any electrons

Question 8

2) what happens to the carbon atoms in the C=C bond

Answer 8

one bonds to hydrogen and one becomes a carbocation

Question 9

3) what acts as a nucleophile

Answer 9

water(the O atom in the molecule) acts as a nucleophile and attacks the carbocation

Question 10

4) how is ethanol produced

Answer 10

H2PO4- accepts a proton to produce ethanol, regenerating the acid catalyst(deprotonation)

Question 11

what catalyst and conditions are used in the laboratory method

Answer 11

concentrated H2SO4, water, heating and room temperature(293K) and pressure (100KPa)

Question 12

what do we called the laboratory method

Answer 12

acid-catalysed hydration

Question 13

what are the steps

Answer 13

the same as industrial just a different acid

Question 14

what type of hydration has a higher yield

Answer 14

the industrial method because high temperature favours the forwards reaction, 95% yield vs 5% lab yield

Question 15

hydration turns an alkene into an alcohol

Answer 15

alkene