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immunity Flashcards

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1
Q

chemotaxis

A

the ability of cells to move in a particular direction in response to a chemical stimulus

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2
Q

non-self antigen

A

cells that are foreign to the body, stimulate immune response

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3
Q

endocytosis

A

the process of cells engulfing fluid, molecules or particles

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4
Q

phagolysosome

A

product of the fusion of phagocytic vacuole + lysosom

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5
Q

how do lysosomes breakdown pathogens

A

hydrolytic enzymes

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6
Q

antigen

A

substance foreign to the body and stimulates an immune response

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7
Q

self-antigen

A

antigen present on an organism cell that is tolerated by the immune system

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8
Q

types of T-lymphocytes

A
  1. t-helper
  2. cytotoxic t-cells (killer)
  3. memory t-cells
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9
Q

pathogen

A

organism that can cause diseases

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10
Q

examples of pathogens

A

bacteria, viruses, fungi

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11
Q

non-specific response

A

generalized response to pathogens

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12
Q

examples of non-specific response

A
  • inflammation
  • phagocytosis
  • lysozyme action
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13
Q

specific immune response

A

response specific to one type of pathogen

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14
Q

types of lymphocytes

A

1) B-lymphocytes
2) T-Lymphocytes

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15
Q

use of immune system

A

destroy pathogens inside the body

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16
Q

2 main groups of cells involved in the immune system

A
  1. phagocytes
  2. lymphocytes
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17
Q

use of a phagocyte

A

ingest and digest pathogens/infected cells through phagocytosis

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18
Q

types of phagocytes

A
  1. neutrophils
  2. macrophages
  3. monocytes
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19
Q

where are phagocytes and lymphocytes produced

A

in bone marrow

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20
Q

opsonin

A

binds to pathogen to increase phagocytosis by making it more visible

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21
Q

phagosome

A

vesicle formed around a particle engulfed by phagocyte

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22
Q

how do neutrophils travel through the body

A

squeezing though walls of capillaries to patrol the tissues

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23
Q

diff between macrophages and neutrophils

A

neutrophil: short-lived
macrophages: long-lived

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24
Q

where can macrophages be found

A

lungs, liver, spleen, kidney, lymph nodes

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25
role of macrophages
cut up pathogens to display antigens that can be recognized by lymphocytes
26
monocytes
immature macrophages
27
characteristics of lymphocytes
- smaller than phagocytes in size - large nucleus - act against specific pathogens
28
where are t-lymphocytes collected
thymus
29
role of t-lymphocytes
cell-mediated immunity
30
t-helper cells
- secrete interleukins - help b cells divide - stimulate macrophages
31
cytotoxic t-cells
- kill body cells displaying antigen
32
memory t-cells
remain in body and remember particular antigens
33
where are b-lymphocytes concentrated
lymph nodes and spleen
34
clone
each small group of identical cells
35
primary response
slow (very few b-cells specific to antigen)
36
secondary response
faster (memory cells quickly divide and differentiate into plasma cells)
37
antigen presenting cells
- b-cells - macrophages - dentritic cells
38
antibody
glycoprotein made by plasma cells derived from b-lymphocytes, secreted in response to an antigen
39
type of protein of antibodies
globular proteins with quaternary structure
40
antibodies form...
immunoglobulins (group of plasma proteins)
41
basic molecule of antibodies
1. 2 heavy/long 2. 2 light/short
42
complementary binding
describes how 2 molecules can bind together due to their shapes and the intermolecular forces formed between them
43
stages of antibody-antigen reaction
1. primary stage 2. secondary stage
44
main functions of antibodies
1. opsonization 2. neutralization 3. agglutination 4. lysis 5. antitoxin
45
opsonization
antibodies bind to pathogen to make it more recognizable
46
neutralization
ability of antibodies to block the binding site to make pathogen no longer infectious
47
agglutination
clumping together of pathogens to make it easier for phagocytes to engulf and digest them
48
lysis
breaking down the cell membrane
49
lysozyme
enzymes that catalyze the destruction of the cell walls
50
antitoxin
bind to toxins produced by pathogens to not have a harmful effect
51
monoclonal antibodies
- isolated and cloned - produced in a lab - pregnancy test, medical treatment, medical diagnosis
52
monoclonal antibodies as "magic bullet"
treatment that can selectively and effectively target and destroy disease-causing pathogens without harming the host organism
53
clonal selection
initial process where a specific antigen selects a lymphocyte that has a receptor specific to that antigen
54
clonal expansion
rapidly multiplies and differentiates into various cell types
55
monoclonal antibodies used to treat cancer
- make cancer cells more visible - blocking growth signals of cell surface membrane of cancer cells - stop formation of new blood vessels - deliver radiation to cancer cells
56
what doe cancer cells carry on their cell surface membrane
tumour-associated antigens
57
monoclonal antibodies in cancer treatment
- binding site complementary in shape to antigen of cancer cell - when bounded, will prevent chemicals for cell division to bind to cancer cell
58
2 divisions of adaptive immune system
1. cell-mediated immunity (t) 2. antibody-mediated immunity (humoral - b)
59
immunity
resistance to a disease causing organism/harmful substance
60
types of immunity
1. active 2. passive
61
active immunity
- production of antibodies in response to the presence of an antigen - slow and long-lasting response - memory cells
62
natural active immunity
natural infection by a pathogen
63
artifical active immunity
vaccines
64
how do vaccines work
1. inactivated form of pathogen (antigen) is administered 2. immune system develops specific antibodies to bind to it 3. antibodies stay to fight in the future
65
passive immunity
- antibodies from another source - instant immunity - short term - no memory cells
66
natural passive immunity
antibodies received from mothers through breast milk
67
artificial passive immunity
antibodies from medicine for a gamma globulin injection/infusion
68
herd immunity theory
risk of someone susceptible to a contagious disease becoming infected reduces, the greater the proportion of people in that community who are immune
69
plasma cells
- produce antibodies - antibodies secreted gradually decreases over time - not long-lasting
70
memory cells
if antigen is introduced again, it will divide into plasma cells and memory cells
71
mhc antigens
prevents the immune system from tageting its own cell
72
polyclonal selection
multiple antibodies react with one antigen
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