Instruments 2.0 (Ground School)

Question 1

Direct to a VOR (Station)

Answer 1

1. Tune, Identify and monitor the station.
2. Select PFD SOURCE to VOR.
3. Select Bearing Pointer #1 to VOR.
4. Turn shortest direction to place the head of Bearing Pointer #1 under the heading index on the HSI.
5. Set a course in the CDI that centers the CDI with a “TO” indication.

NOTE
This can be accomplished using the “PRESS and HOLD” function at LSK LL on the PFD.

6. Track the new course, flying a heading that keeps the CDI centered

Question 2

Determine the general direction of the wind

Answer 2

TAIL-RADIAL-WIND

Question 3

Rule: Turn to re-intercept the desired course

Answer 3

TAIL-RADIAL-TURN

Question 4

STATION PASSAGE

Answer 4

VOR station passage is primarily noted on the CDI as the first positive change of the TO/FROM indicator to “FROM” on the CDI

Question 5

OVER-THE-STATION INTERCEPT

Answer 5

TIME: NR

TURN: In the shortest direction to a heading that will parallel or intercept the outbound course

TIME: NR

TRANSITION: NR
- (Initiate speed, configuration or altitude transitions as required by the situation)

TWIST / Intercept: Set the new course in the CDI. Turn to an intercept heading, use the Double-the-Angle method, not to exceed 45°.

TALK - Make voice reports as required.

Question 6

RADIAL / RADIAL INTERCEPTS

Answer 6

Course - Radial - Course

1. Tune, Identify and monitor the NAVAID (TIM)

2, Set new course in CDI (Outbound/inbound)

3. Turn to an intercept heading (Tail - Radial - Turn)
4. Determine type of intercept (Outbound or Inbound)
   ~ 45: Put desired course on 45* benchmark at TOP of HSI
   ~ Double the angle if inbound within 5nm
5. Verify correct intercept
   ~ head fall, flying toward deviation

Question 7

RADIAL / ARC INTERCEPTS

Answer 7

Know:

1. Direction of Turn
2. When to Turn

Procedure:
1. Determine the number of radials per mile. Based on the 60-1 rule 60 divided by the arcing DME equals the number of radials in one mile.

In this example: 60/12(DME) = 5 radials per mile on the 12 DME arc.

2. Determine the turn radius

In this example: 0.5% of 180 = 0.9 NM.

3. Multiply the turn radius by the number of radials per mile.
4. 9 NM X 5 radials /NM = 4.5 radials.

This number of radials prior to the desired radial is the Lead Radial.

4. At the Lead Radial start a SRT onto new course/radial.

Question 8

ARCING

Answer 8

1. Proceed direct to the arc entry point (radial and DME that defines the beginning of the arc).
2. Calculate the lead-point (.5% of GS)
3. Determine the direction of turn at the lead-point.
4. At the lead-point, start a SRT in the appropriate direction. Continue the turn to place the head of the bearing pointer on the 90º benchmark.
5. Check DME.
   a. If DME is less than desired, the aircraft is inside the arc. To correct back to the arc, maintain the heading. If excessively inside the arc (0.5 DME or more inside the arc), make a turn to place the head of the bearing pointer up to 15º below the 90º benchmark to return the aircraft back to the arc. Approaching the arc, lead the turn onto the arc and resume Arcing Procedures.

b. If DME is greater than desired, the aircraft is outside the arc. To correct, turn to place the head of the bearing pointer up to 15º above the 90º benchmark.

6. Once established on the ARC in a no-wind situation, remain on the arc by altering aircraft heading and/or bank to maintain the head of the bearing pointer on or near the 90° benchmark
   - If head of bearing pointer is above 90* benchmark, DME will decrease
   - If head is below 90* bm, DME will increase

Question 9

ARC TO RADIAL

Answer 9

1. Determine the number of radials per mile. Based on the 60-1 rule (at 60 DME each radial is 1 NM apart), 60 divided by the arcing DME equals the number of radials in one mile.
2. Determine the turn radius of the aircraft for a 90° turn. This is 0.5% of the groundspeed
3. Multiply the turn radius by the number of radials per mile
4. At the Lead Radial start a SRT onto new course/radial

Question 10

POINT TO POINT

Answer 10

1. Tune and identify the NAVAID.
2. Set the desired (new) radial in the CDI.
3. Turn to a heading between the head of the bearing pointer and the head of the CDI, favoring the greater distance.

We are at our point when CDI is centered and DME is the same.