INTERVIEW PREP

Question 1

1. What legislation controls the way Architects in NSW provide their professional services?

Answer 1

o The Architects Act 2003 (NSW) is the principal statute regulating architects in NSW. NSW Legislation+1
o Under the Act, the NSW Architects Registration Board (NSW ARB) administers registration, discipline, and regulation of architects. architects.nsw.gov.au+1
o In addition, the Architects Regulation 2017 (NSW) (a subordinate instrument) provides detailed provisions (e.g. registration criteria, code of conduct, misconduct) under the Act. NSW Legislation+2architects.nsw.gov.au+2
o More recently, reforms in the building industry also involve the Design and Building Practitioners Act 2020 (NSW) and its associated regulations, which impose additional obligations on design practitioners (including architects) in certain classes of buildings. architecture.com.au+2architects.nsw.gov.au+2
o Also relevant are general laws (e.g. contract law, Australian Consumer Law, building laws) which affect how architects provide professional services.

Question 2

2. What are the Architects Regulations? What do they cover?

Answer 2

o The Architects Regulation 2017 (NSW) (formerly Architects Regulation 2012) is the subordinate regulation under the Architects Act 2003. NSW Legislation+3NSW Legislation+3architects.nsw.gov.au+3
o The Regulation covers:
 * Qualifications required for registration as an architect (prescribed architectural qualifications) architects.nsw.gov.au+3NSW Legislation+3architects.nsw.gov.au+3
 * Criteria for accrediting architecture courses (through AACA / Architects Accreditation Council of Australia) NSW Legislation+2architects.nsw.gov.au+2
 * Particulars to be recorded in the Register of Architects (e.g. business address, email, practising/non-practising status) NSW Legislation+2architects.nsw.gov.au+2
 * Details about the composition, election, and appointment of the Board (academic and architect members) NSW Legislation+1
 * What constitutes a representation that a person is an architect (i.e. misuse of title) NSW Legislation+1
 * Exceptions for use of certain names by architect associations NSW Legislation
 * The NSW Architects Code of Professional Conduct (in Schedule 2) architects.nsw.gov.au+3NSW Legislation+3architects.nsw.gov.au+3
 * What conduct constitutes professional misconduct or unsatisfactory professional conduct NSW Legislation+1
 * Formal, savings and miscellaneous provisions. NSW Legislation+1
o The Regulation is due for automatic repeal under the Subordinate Legislation Act 1989 on 1 September 2026 (unless remade). NSW Legislation

Question 3

3. What is a Code of Conduct? What does it cover?

Answer 3

o A Code of Professional Conduct is a set of rules or standards that registered architects must follow, as prescribed by the Regulation (in NSW, it is Schedule 2 of the Architects Regulation). NSW Legislation+3architects.nsw.gov.au+3architects.nsw.gov.au+3
o It sets out professional behaviours, obligations, ethical standards, duties to clients and the public, requirements for competence, integrity, confidentiality, conflict of interest, insurance, and reporting. architects.nsw.gov.au+3architects.nsw.gov.au+3architects.nsw.gov.au+3
o Example: Clause 15 of the Code requires architects to maintain appropriate Professional Indemnity (PI) insurance, and to provide clients with information about the insurance. architects.nsw.gov.au+1
o The Code also defines what conduct is unsatisfactory professional conduct or professional misconduct (which may lead to disciplinary action) as incorporated into the Regulation. NSW Legislation+2architects.nsw.gov.au+2

Question 4

4. What is the difference between the AIA and the NSWRB?

Answer 4

o AIA = Australian Institute of Architects (formerly RAIA). It is a professional association / institute, voluntary membership, advocacy, continuing education, networking, publications, representation of architects.
o NSWRB / NSW ARB (the Registration Board) is a statutory regulatory body established under the Architects Act, responsible for registration, regulation, discipline, enforcing professional standards and consumer protection in the architectural profession in NSW. architects.nsw.gov.au+2NSW Legislation+2
o The AIA cannot force discipline or registration — it is membership-based. The Board, on the other hand, has legal powers under the Act to investigate complaints, discipline architects, suspend or remove registration, etc.

Question 5

5. What are the powers of each body in the event of a claim for misconduct being upheld?

Answer 5

o NSW ARB / NSWRB (under the Architects Act) has powers including (depending on severity):
 * Reprimand, caution or admonishment
 * Suspend registration for a period
 * Remove the architect from the Register (i.e., deregistration)
 * Impose conditions on registration
 * Require payment of costs of investigation
 * Issue compliance orders or require rectification
 * Accept undertakings from the architect
 * Publish findings or impose public notices
o The Board may refer serious matters to a Tribunal or court as per the Act.
o AIA, being a professional association, does not have legal regulatory power over registration, but it may discipline its members under its internal bylaws (e.g. suspend membership, censure, expel member), but only within its membership domain, not under law.

Question 6

6. How does Australian Consumer Law control the behavior of Architects?

Answer 6

o Under the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (about Australian Consumer Law, ACL), architects providing services are subject to consumer protection provisions.
o Architects must not engage in misleading or deceptive conduct, false or misleading representations, or unconscionable conduct in dealings with clients (or prospective clients).
o The ACL implies certain guarantees in services (e.g. that services will be provided with due care and skill, services will be fit for purpose, will be delivered within a reasonable time). These apply even if not expressly stated.
o If an architect fails to deliver the service properly (e.g. due care, quality), the client may have rights under ACL remedies (repair, reperform, refund, damages).

Question 7

7. Name some non-architectural professional associations you will come in contact with as an

Answer 7

7. Name some non-architectural professional associations you will come in contact with as an architect?
   Examples include:
   o Engineers Australia
   o Australian Institute of Landscape Architects (AILA)
   o Australian Institute of Building (AIB)
   o Association of Consulting Architects (ACA)
   o Urban design or planning institutes (e.g. Planning Institute of Australia, NSW Division)
   o Sustainability / Green Building Councils (e.g. Green Building Council of Australia)
   o Certifiers’ associations, building surveyor groups
   o Construction / builder associations (e.g. Master Builders Association)
   o Quantity Surveyors associations

Question 8

8. What information can be obtained from these associations?

Answer 8

From such associations you might access:
o Industry guidelines, standards, best practice documents
o Continuing Professional Development (CPD) courses
o Publications, technical resources, journals
o Networking, seminars, conferences
o Advocacy, legal / contract advice, risk management resources
o Practice notes, model contracts

Question 9

9. What must you do each year to remain registered as an architect?

Answer 9

o Pay any required annual registration fees to the NSW ARB.
o Comply with continuing professional development (CPD) requirements (in NSW, minimum 20 hours per annum) architects.nsw.gov.au
o Maintain (or show evidence of) Professional Indemnity (PI) insurance appropriate to your scope of service (as required under the Code) acumen.architecture.com.au+3architects.nsw.gov.au+3architects.nsw.gov.au+3
o Ensure your details (address, contact, firm associations, nominated architect, etc.) are up to date with the Board.
o Comply with the Code of Conduct and statutory obligations; if the architect engages in misconduct, may face disciplinary action.

Question 10

10. What must you do if you want to work interstate as an architect? How would you do it?

Answer 10

• You would typically seek reciprocal registration or mutual recognition in the other State/Territory where you wish to practice.
• Architects Registration Boards in each state/territory often recognise registration from other jurisdictions (subject to meeting local requirements).
• You may need to apply to the local Board, submit proof of your NSW registration, qualifications, CPD, PI insurance, good standing, etc.
• You may also need to satisfy any additional local legislative requirements (e.g. local codes, registration under local design / building practitioner legislation).
• It’s important to check each jurisdiction’s Architects Registration Board for their rules.

Question 11

11. What are some of the Acts currently in force in NSW relating to the building industry?

Answer 11

• Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (NSW)
• Design and Building Practitioners Act 2020 (NSW) architecture.com.au+2architects.nsw.gov.au+2
• Home Building Act 1989 (NSW)
• Strata Schemes Management Act
• Building and Construction Industry Security of Payment Act
• Work Health and Safety Act 2011 (NSW)
• Building and Development Control / Local Government Acts
• State Environmental Planning Policies (SEPPs)

Question 12

12. What is the role of the NSW Building Commission? What are its powers?

Answer 12

• The NSW Building Commission (under the umbrella of Fair Trading) regulates building practitioners, enforces building laws, inspects compliance, issues licences, investigates complaints.
• It administers licensing of building contractors, enforces the Home Building Act, investigates defects, ensures consumer protection, and takes action when building work is non-compliant.
• It can issue penalties, suspend or cancel contractor licences, issue compliance notices, require rectification, and prosecute offences under the relevant building legislation.
• It also works with certifiers, supervisors and is part of the oversight for building regulation and reform.

Question 13

13. What other bodies are involved in administering these acts? What are their powers?

Answer 13

• Local Councils: administer planning, development approvals, compliance with local environmental and development controls.
• State Government departments (e.g. NSW Planning & Environment, Office of the Building Commissioner) oversee policy, compliance, regulation, auditing.
• Certifiers / Building Surveyors / Accredited Certifiers: issue construction certificates, inspect compliance with building codes.
• Courts, Tribunals (e.g. Land and Environment Court, NCAT): adjudicate disputes.
• NSW Architects Registration Board (for design practice oversight in terms of architectural services)
• Consumer protection / Fair Trading branches oversee building consumer rights, enforce laws against misleading conduct, licensing.
• Building regulators under Design & Building Practitioners Act (e.g. registering

Question 14

14. How is planning and development regulated?

Answer 14

• Via the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (NSW) and associated regulations.
• Local Environmental Plans (LEPs), State Environmental Planning Policies (SEPPs), development control plans (DCPs) set the rules.
• A developer/owner must submit a development application (DA) to the local council (or relevant consent authority), showing compliance with planning controls, environmental impact, etc.
• The proposal is assessed against planning instruments, consultation, referrals, conditions imposed.

Question 15

15. When is development approval required?

Answer 15

• When a proposed use or building works fall into the category requiring consent under the LEP/SEPP.
• When there is a change of use, addition, new building, demolition, significant external alteration, subdivision, etc.
• If the works exceed exempt or complying development thresholds, formal development approval (DA) is required.

Question 16

16. How is development approval achieved?

Answer 16

• Submit a Development Application (DA) to the relevant council/consent authority, accompanied by necessary documentation (plans, reports, statements, site analysis, environmental impact, etc.).
• Referral to relevant agencies (e.g. heritage, traffic, environment).
• Public notification/consultation and consideration of submissions.
• Assessment by planners, possible negotiation, conditions imposed.
• If approved, issue of a Development Consent / Approval with conditions.

Question 17

17. If there is a development approval dispute where is it held?

Answer 17

• In NSW, disputes over development consent or refusals are typically dealt with by the Land and Environment Court of NSW.
• Sometimes internal appeals (council review) or merits review may be available under the EP&A Act.

Question 18

18. What is the difference between a construction certificate and development approval?

Answer 18

• Development Approval (or Development Consent / DA): permission to carry out a proposed development in planning terms (use, scale, form, impact) under planning legislation.
• Construction Certificate (CC): under the building laws, after DA is obtained (if needed), a CC certifies that the construction documentation complies with the Building Code of Australia, relevant standards, and local requirements. Only once a CC is obtained can building works legally commence.

Question 19

19. What is the role of the building certifier?

Answer 19

• A building certifier (or accredited certifier) reviews the construction drawings and documentation to ensure compliance with the NCC, applicable standards, building laws, and issues the Construction Certificate.
• They also perform inspections at various stages during construction (footings, structure, etc.) to certify compliance.
• They may issue occupation certificates / compliance certificates at project completion.
• They ensure that the built work meets safety, accessibility, structural, fire and other legal requirements.

Question 20

20. What is the NCC?

Answer 20

• The National Construction Code (NCC) is the national uniform set of technical provisions for the design and construction of buildings in Australia (which includes the Building Code of Australia [BCA] and Plumbing Code).
• It sets minimum standards for structural safety, fire safety, health & amenity, energy efficiency, etc. All states/territories adopt it (legally enforced via state building legislation).

Question 21

21. Do you have to comply with Australian Standards when designing/documenting a building?

Answer 21

• Generally yes — for many aspects of building performance, materials, systems, the NCC references Australian Standards, and compliance with those standards (or equivalent performance solutions) is required.
• Where the NCC references a standard as “deemed-to-satisfy”, following that standard is a clear path to compliance. Alternatively, you may adopt a performance solution (i.e. justify equivalence) if you can demonstrate at least the same level of safety/quality.
• In contract documents, clients or certifiers may require adherence to specific standards.
• It is prudent (and often required) to adopt relevant standards to reduce risk.

Question 22

22. What types of buildings do contractors require licences to build?

Answer 22

• In NSW under the Home Building Act, contractors require licensure to build residential buildings (houses, small residential work) or to perform residential building work above a certain cost threshold.
• Also, for commercial or specialist works, contractors may need specific licences (depending on state licensing regimes).
• The exact thresholds and classes vary; in NSW, for residential building work over a certain amount (e.g. $5,000) you must use a licensed contractor.

Question 23

23. Do selected trades require a licence? If so give examples.

Answer 23

Yes — many trades require trade licences, e.g.:
* Electricians
* Plumbers
* Gasfitters
* Air-conditioning / mechanical services trades
* Structural steel / welding trades (in some jurisdictions)
* These licensed trades must comply with safety, standards, insurance, registration, and be certified.

Question 24

24. Where is a residential building dispute held?

Answer 24

• In NSW, residential building disputes (especially between homeowners and builders) are often handled by Fair Trading NSW, the NSW Civil and Administrative Tribunal (NCAT) (for smaller claims), or court depending on the size and nature.
• The Home Building Act provides dispute resolution schemes, licensing investigations via Fair Trading.

Question 25

25. Where is a commercial building dispute held?

Answer 25

* More complex/(larger) disputes are heard in the appropriate court (e.g. NSW Supreme Court, District Court) or specialist construction arbitration or adjudication forums. * Some disputes may go to the NSW Civil and Administrative Tribunal or courts depending on jurisdiction and subject matter (contract, negligence, building defects).

Question 26

26. What legislation regulates the building of homes? Why do we have this legislation?

Answer 26

* The Home Building Act 1989 (NSW) is the primary legislation regulating residential building work in NSW (licensing, contracts, warranties, insurance, dispute resolution). * Purpose: to protect homeowners (consumers) by ensuring only qualified/licensed builders do work, ensure warranties, regulate contracts, ensure quality, reduce risk of defects, provide dispute resolution, and ensure safety, consumer confidence, industry standards.

Question 27

27. What are the different ways you can set up an architectural firm as a legal entity?

Answer 27

Common legal structures include: * Sole trader (you as an individual) * Partnership (two or more individuals) * Company / Corporation (e.g. Pty Ltd) * Trust (less common for pure service firms) * Incorporated association / cooperative (rare)

Question 28

28. What does that entity need to do/have to comply with the Architects Act?

Answer 28

* If practising under a firm or corporation, you must have a nominated architect who is a registered architect and responsible for the architectural services. * The firm must notify the NSW ARB of the nominated architect and any changes in particulars. * The entity must only represent itself as an architect firm / corporation if registered as such (i.e. appear on the Board’s list). * The entity must maintain the standards required by the Act and Regulation, and the nominated architect must ensure services comply with Code of Conduct, PI insurance etc.

Question 29

29. Who is responsible for the architectural services and advice that entity provides?

Answer 29

* The nominated architect (a registered architect nominated by the firm) is legally responsible for the architectural services and advice provided by the entity. * The entity may also be liable (as a corporate entity) under contract, tort, professional liability, depending on structure.

Question 30

30. Where would you find information and advice when establishing your own firm?

Answer 30

* NSW ARB / Architects NSW website * AIA (Institute) practice resources * Association of Consulting Architects (ACA) * Legal / accounting / business advisors (lawyers, accountants) * Government small business / business.gov.au resources * Insurance brokers, risk management guides * CPD seminars, professional development courses

Question 31

31. What forms of insurance would you need to consider when setting up an architectural firm?

Answer 31

* Professional Indemnity (PI) Insurance * Public Liability Insurance * Contract Works / Construction / Builders risk (if relevant to services offered or if you hold contracts) * Office / Business Insurance (contents, equipment, computers, theft, fire, etc.) * Workers’ Compensation Insurance (if hiring staff) * Business Interruption Insurance * Cyber liability / data breach insurance * Directors & Officers (D&O) Insurance

Question 32

32. What risk does each insurance policy cover?

Answer 32

* PI Insurance: protects against claims of negligence, errors, omissions in your professional services (i.e. design, advice, specification) causing financial loss to clients. newlinegroup.com+3architects.nsw.gov.au+3acumen.architecture.com.au+3 * Public Liability: covers injury or property damage to third parties (non-professional services context) arising from your business operations. * Contract Works / Construction: covers physical loss or damage to works under construction (if you undertake contract works). * Office / Business Insurance: covers damage, theft, fire, equipment, contents. * Workers’ Compensation: covers injury to employees in the course of work (statutory requirement). * Business Interruption: loss of income if business cannot operate due to insured event (e.g. fire). * Cyber / Data Breach: liability from breach of data, hacking, loss of client data. * D&O Insurance: protects directors/officers from claims arising from management decisions (breach of duty, mismanagement, etc.).

Question 33

33. How would you obtain finance for establishing a new firm?

Answer 33

Possible sources: * Bank loans / business loans * Overdraft or credit line * Equity investment (partners, investors) * Government grants or small business support funding * Personal savings or capital injection * Leasing / hire purchase for equipment * Business support programs

Question 34

34. What information would be required to obtain the required finance?

Answer 34

* Business plan (objectives, services, market, cash flow forecasts, risk analysis) * Financial projections (profit & loss, balance sheet, cash flow) * Past financial history (if existed) * Details of owners/partners, their credit history * Collateral / security offered * Details of clients, contracts, pipeline of work * Insurance, credentials, registration * Legal structure, licenses

Question 35

35. What is PI Insurance and what risks does it cover?

Answer 35

* PI (Professional Indemnity) Insurance is a specialist insurance covering loss or damage claims made by clients arising from alleged professional negligence, errors, omissions, breach of duty or advice, design defects, failure to perform services properly. coverforce.com.au+4architects.nsw.gov.au+4architects.nsw.gov.au+4 * It covers legal defence costs, damages, settlements, indemnity costs. * Because most claims arise years after work is done, PI is often a “claims made” policy (cover applies if policy was in place when claim is made). BizCover+2acumen.architecture.com.au+2

Question 36

36. Is PI different from other insurance cover and if so in what way?

Answer 36

* Yes — PI insurance is claims made, not occurrence-based (i.e. the claim must be made when the policy is in force, even if the work was done earlier). BizCover+1 * Because of that, run-off cover is often needed when you cease practice, to cover claims made after you stop trading for past work. * PI covers financial loss from professional negligence, not necessarily property damage or personal injury (which may require public liability). * PI is tailored to professional services; coverage, limits, terms, retroactive dates, exclusions are critical.

Question 37

37. What are your obligations to the insurer under the terms of most PI policies?

Answer 37

* Disclose material facts and prior claims or known circumstances when applying * Notify the insurer promptly of any claim or possible claim * Take reasonable steps to avoid or mitigate loss * Cooperate fully in investigation or defence of claims * Do not admit liability, settle, or incur costs without insurer’s consent (depending on policy terms) * Maintain accurate records and documentation * Pay premiums, observe policy conditions

Question 38

38. How much cover do you need when seeking PI insurance?

Answer 38

* This depends on the scale, complexity, and risk profile of your projects — for small residential work a lower limit may suffice, for large commercial/mixed-use you’d need higher limits (often millions of dollars). * Some projects or clients (or builder agreements) may require minimum coverage (e.g. $5 million, $10 million) * The limit must allow for legal costs, potential damages, inflation, long-tail claims * You should assess your maximum likely exposure per project and across your portfolio.

Question 39

39. When hiring new staff how do you establish suitable salary levels?

Answer 39

* Benchmarking against industry salary surveys, professional bodies (AIA, ACA) * Use independent salary guides, recruitment consultants * Consider experience, qualifications, role responsibilities, location, market demand * Consider salary bands, benefits, growth paths

Question 40

40. As an employer what is your responsibility regarding superannuation

Answer 40

* Superannuation: must pay employer superannuation contributions (as required by law) on behalf of eligible employees. * Workers’ Compensation: you must have workers’ compensation insurance to cover work-related injury claims. * Safe workplace: you must comply with the Work Health & Safety Act (or equivalent) — provide safe systems, training, hazard control, consultation, accident reporting, safe equipment, policies.

Question 41

41. What is the difference between a contract of employment and working for another architect as an independent contractor?

Answer 41

* Contract of employment: employee relationship; the employer has control over how, when, and where work is done; benefits like leave, super, workers’ compensation, taxes withheld. * Independent contractor: you provide services as a separate business entity; more autonomy over how work is done; responsible for own tax, insurance, equipment; no leave entitlements from the principal; taxed differently. * The distinction has legal, tax, insurance, liability and workplace rights implications.

Question 42

42. How does an architect get paid for its professional services? Describe the method or methods of payment.

Answer 42

Common methods include: * Percentage fee (a percentage of construction cost) * Lump sum / fixed fee (a fixed amount for the agreed scope) * Hourly or daily rates (time-based billing) * Cost-plus (not common for architects) * Phased billing / staged payments (e.g. by project milestones or deliverables) * Combination (e.g. fixed fee for design, hourly for extras)

Question 43

43. How would you establish a fixed price fee offer for a potential client?

Answer 43

* Define the scope of work clearly (what is included / excluded) * Estimate the effort, hours, resources, risk, contingencies * Price for each phase (schematic, design development, documentation, contract administration) * Add provision for extras / variations * Include allowances for travel, consultant coordination, meetings, supervision * Assess the risk margin (uncertainty, complexity) * Check that the fee is reasonable relative to market, value to client, deliverables

Question 44

44. How would you establish a percentage fee offer for a potential client?

Answer 44

* Estimate the likely construction cost (or use client’s estimate) * Apply a negotiated percentage based on type of project, complexity, risk, scope * Clarify what the percentage includes (does it cover all phases, consultant coordination, site visits, contract administration, travel etc?) * Provide a mechanism to adjust fee if construction cost changes (e.g. percentage applies to actual cost) * Compare with market norms (e.g. typical percentage ranges for residential, commercial)

Question 45

45. How do you establish hourly charge out rates for you and your staff?

Answer 45

* Calculate all overhead costs (rent, utilities, software, insurances, administrative costs, training) * Add desired profit margin and risk contingency * Then divide by billable hours (account for non-billable time, leave, etc.) to derive rate per hour * Factor in market conditions, experience, seniority, demand * Consider different rates for senior / junior staff or specialist services

Question 46

46. Once a fee has been agreed with a new client what should be done about the arrangements and detail of the agreed fees?

Answer 46

* Formalise the agreement in writing (fee agreement / contract) specifying scope, deliverables, milestones, stages, inclusions / exclusions, payment terms, variations, disbursements, liability, termination, etc. * Both parties sign the agreement * Retain the contract for record * Ensure both parties have clear understanding of responsibilities

Question 47

47. If your potential client telephones to advise the fees are all agreed and instructs you to proceed with the design work is it OK to accept this instruction? What must you do in response to the call?

Answer 47

* You should not commence significant design work based solely on a verbal instruction — always confirm the agreement in writing. * Immediately follow up with a written confirmation / letter of appointment or fee agreement detailing scope, fees, terms. * Ask client to sign or confirm acceptance of the terms in writing before proceeding with work.

Question 48

48. What would you do in the event your potential client does not sign a fee agreement?

Answer 48

* Politely but firmly advise that you cannot proceed until the agreement is signed (or accepted in writing). * Offer to negotiate or clarify issues in the agreement. * At least document in writing (email) the terms you are assuming, and request client’s written confirmation. * Be cautious about doing unpaid work without a formal agreement (risk, scope creep, payment disputes).

Question 49

49. What should you do if your client proposes a non-standard fee agreement prepared by

Answer 49

* Carefully review the agreement (seek legal advice) to ensure it is fair, reasonable, and that the risks (liabilities, indemnities, disclaimers, scope, payment terms) are acceptable. * Negotiate amendments or clarifications where necessary (e.g. limit liability, define scope, exclusions, variation procedures, dispute resolution). * Ensure the agreement aligns with your professional obligations, insurance cover, and your capacity. * If parts are unacceptable, propose your standard terms or balanced modifications.

Question 50

50. Your client agrees to a most generous fee arrangement but insists on using a non-standard fee agreement. This contains a requirement for you to warrant your services. Is this OK and what should you do before signing the document?

Answer 50

No, it’s not OK to provide a warranty for your services as it extends liability beyond the normal professional “duty of care” and is likely excluded by professional indemnity insurance. Before signing, seek legal advice and approval from your insurer. Request that the clause be amended to say the architect will “exercise due care and skill” in accordance with professional standards.

Question 51

51. What is the difference between a fee proposal and a client-architect agreement.

Answer 51

A fee proposal is an offer outlining the scope of work, fees and assumptions — it’s not legally binding until accepted. A client-architect agreement is the formal, legally binding contract that sets out the full terms and conditions between the client and architect.

Question 52

52. What are the requirements in the Architects Act including Regulations and Code of Conduct regarding fee arrangements and client-architect agreements?

Answer 52

Architects must provide a written agreement before commencing work. The agreement must identify the client, scope of services, fees, and terms. It must be clear, comprehensive and kept on record, as required under the Architects Regulation 2017 and Code of Conduct clauses 7–8.

Question 53

53. What are the fundamental sections of a client-architect agreement and what do they cover?

Answer 53

Parties and project details. Scope of services and exclusions. Client responsibilities. Fees, payment terms and adjustments. Program and deliverables. Intellectual property rights. Insurance and standard of care. Termination and dispute resolution. Special conditions or variations.

Question 54

54. Describe the professional services are provided by an architect at the Concept Design stage when using the AIA CA Agreement?

Answer 54

Confirm client brief, site, budget and statutory constraints. Prepare concept design options. Review and refine preferred concept with client. Provide outline cost advice and coordinate early consultant input.

Question 55

55. Describe the professional services are provided by an architect at the Design Development stage when using the AIA CA Agreement?

Answer 55

Develop the approved concept into a coordinated design. Coordinate with structural and services consultants. Select materials, systems, and finishes. Review cost estimate and confirm compliance with NCC and planning controls.

Question 56

56. Describe the professional services are provided by an architect at the Contract Documentation stage when using the AIA CA Agreement?

Answer 56

Prepare detailed drawings, specifications and schedules. Coordinate consultant documents. Ensure NCC and statutory compliance. Prepare documents for tender and construction.

Question 57

57. Describe the professional services are provided by an architect at the Contract Selection stage when using the AIA CA Agreement?

Answer 57

Advise on procurement methods. Call and assess tenders, respond to queries. Recommend preferred contractor and prepare contract documentation for signing.

Question 58

58. Describe the professional services are provided by an architect at the Contract Administration stage when using the AIA CA Agreement?

Answer 58

Administer the contract between client and builder. Assess progress claims, variations, and extensions of time. Inspect works for compliance (not supervision). Issue certificates and manage defects period.

Question 59

59. What are partial services? Give two examples.

Answer 59

Partial services are where the architect provides only part of the full service. Examples: Concept and DA documentation only. Post-DA contract documentation only

Question 60

60. Would you modify your client-architect agreement if you were to provide them? If so how?

Answer 60

Would you modify your client-architect agreement if you were to provide them? If so how? Yes. The agreement must be amended to clearly define the limited scope and remove stages not being provided. Fees, deliverables, and responsibilities must be adjusted accordingly.

Question 61

61. If a potential client requests you to provide Supervision of the works as part of your services during the construction phase how would you respond?

Answer 61

Explain that “supervision” implies full control of the site and is not covered by PI insurance. Offer to provide “contract administration” instead, which involves inspecting works for compliance, not controlling the contractor.

Question 62

62. If you are engaged by the Contractor how does this effect your scope of services?

Answer 62

Your client changes to the contractor. Your role becomes design coordination, documentation review, and compliance advice. You no longer act as contract administrator between client and builder.

Question 63

63. If you are engaged by the Contractor how does this effect your client-architect agreement?

Answer 63

Use a consultancy agreement instead of a client-architect agreement. Remove contract administration clauses. Define deliverables, IP licence, liability limits, and payment terms specific to the contractor relationship

Question 64

64. What is copywrite? How is it controlled? Who has the copywrite of your architectural designs? What are your responsibilities regarding advising your client about copyright?

Answer 64

Copyright is automatic legal protection under the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth) for original works such as drawings and models. The architect owns the copyright unless it is formally assigned. Clients receive a licence to use the drawings for the specific project. Architects must advise clients in writing of these rights and limitations.

Question 65

65. What are moral rights? How are they controlled? Who has moral rights in your architectural designs? What are your responsibilities regarding moral rights?

Answer 65

Moral rights protect the author’s personal connection to their work — including the right of attribution and integrity. They always remain with the individual architect, even if copyright is transferred. Architects must ensure their work is properly attributed and not altered in a way that harms their reputation

Question 66

66. How does this change when you are employed? What would your employee contract say?

Answer 66

When employed, the employer owns the copyright in works created during employment. The employee retains moral rights. The employment contract will confirm that IP created in the course of employment belongs to the employer

Question 67

67. How does this change when providing architectural designs for government clients?

Answer 67

Government contracts often require assignment of copyright to the government. Architects usually retain moral rights. Always review and negotiate IP clauses before signing

Question 68

68. What is a licence in the context of copyright? Who has one? How do they get it?

Answer 68

A licence gives permission for another party (usually the client) to use the work for a specific purpose. It is usually granted automatically under the client–architect agreement upon full fee payment.

Question 69

69. What are your responsibilities when taking over work from another architect?

Answer 69

Confirm that the client holds a valid licence or copyright assignment from the previous architect. Acknowledge the original author. Do not copy or reuse previous work without written permission.

Question 70

70. What is Indigenous Cultural Intellectual Property in the context of First Nations peoples?

Answer 70

It refers to the collective ownership of cultural heritage, stories, symbols, and traditional knowledge by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.

Question 71

71. How is it controlled? How is it different from other IP? What is cultural appropriation?

Answer 71

Controlled through community protocols and agreements, not formal copyright law. It is collective, spiritual, and intergenerational, unlike individual copyright. Cultural appropriation occurs when cultural material is used without consent or respect. Architects must always seek permission and respect cultural confidentiality.

Question 72

72. What are consultants what services do they provide required and who pays for their services?

Answer 72

Consultants are specialists who provide technical input (e.g. structural, services, ESD). They are generally selected by the client with advice from the architect. They ensure compliance and technical quality. The client pays their fees unless otherwise agreed.

Question 73

73. Explain the terms Specialist Consultant Secondary Consultant and Sub Consultant.

Answer 73

Specialist Consultant: engaged directly for a particular expertise (e.g. acoustic engineer). Secondary Consultant: engaged by the architect to assist in their services. Sub-consultant: engaged by another consultant (e.g. fire engineer under MEP consultant).

Question 74

74. How would you find a suitable (say) ESD consultant on behalf of your client? How would you brief them? Would you consider more than one? How would you select them?

Answer 74

Would you consider more than one? How would you select them? Identify through professional networks or references. Prepare a written brief defining sustainability targets, deliverables and timing. Seek proposals from several consultants and compare experience, scope, and fees. Select based on qualifications, capability, and fit for project goals

Question 75

75. How is the work of consultants accommodated within your project planning and program? When should consultants be engaged?

Answer 75

Include consultant deliverables and review points in your project program. Engage them early — ideally during concept or design development stages — so their input informs design decisions

Question 76

76. Name the typical consultants required for a small domestic alteration.

Answer 76

Structural engineer, surveyor, energy assessor (BASIX), building certifier, and sometimes a geotechnical engineer.

Question 77

77. Name the typical consultants required for a large hospital complex. Warehouse? School?

Answer 77

Hospital: structural, civil, mechanical, electrical, hydraulic, fire, acoustic, ESD, wayfinding, infection control, access, landscape. Warehouse: structural, civil, hydraulic, electrical, fire, ESD, traffic. School: structural, services, acoustic, landscape, access, educational planner.

Question 78

78. Name the consultants you might need for a historically significant site.

Answer 78

Heritage architect, archaeologist, heritage planner, conservation engineer, materials conservator, and possibly landscape historian.

Question 79

79. Discuss the concept of engagement with First Nations peoples. How is it different from consultancy? What research would you do before you commence engagement?

Answer 79

Engagement is an ongoing relationship of respect and collaboration, not a transactional consultancy. It involves listening and co-design, not instructing. Research Country, language group, and local Aboriginal Land Councils before engagement.

Question 80

80. When should engagement with Traditional Owners commence? How long should it run for? How should it be accommodated in your project planning and program?

Question 81

81. How do you identify who the Traditional Owners are? What is a respectful strategy to commence engagement? What are the risks of these two processes?

Question 82

82. Discuss your understanding of Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islander Peoples aspirations to care for Country.

Question 83

83. Is it appropriate to ask Traditional Owners to “share their cultural stories”?

Question 84

84. If anything is shared with you what is your responsibility regarding that information?

Question 85

85. What is co-design? What is First Nations led design?

Question 86

86. What does coordinating the work of consultants entail? Explain functionally how you do it. How do you record and track the coordination process/communication with consultants?

Question 87

87. If your client engages the consultants but your services include “coordination of the consultants” what is your responsibility when a consultant fails to produce the relevant documents in accordance with your program and causes delays to the tendering of the works?

Question 88

88. Who is responsible when errors are found in (say) the structural drawings resulting in a major claim for a variation by the contractor? Remember you agreed with your client to “coordinate the work of the consultants”?

Question 89

89. During the construction phase of a project an error is discovered in the electrical services documents which show a large switchboard in the main entry of the building. There is nothing on your drawings to show this item and to create a suitable cupboard to house the SB will cost a lot of money. What do you do and how do you explain the additional cost to your client?

Question 90

90. What is a quantity surveyor and what services to they offer? Who pays for their services?

Question 91

91. What are bills of quantities? Would they form part of the contract documents set? If so what would they be used for?

Question 92

92. What does the term Quality Assurance mean? How does this term apply to the practice of architecture? What tools/processes do you have to manage the quality of your services?

Question 93

93. Before commencing the design of any building what information do you require from your client?

Question 94

94. What other information must you obtain before starting any design work?

Question 95

95. What is a brief and what will it contain? What is a return brief?

Question 96

96. What is a project plan? What should it contain? How do you select the project team? How do you establish the project program? How do you establish project deliverables?

Question 97

97. How do you monitor how well you are adhering to the project plan? What happens if the work produced is not aligning with the project plan. What happens if the client makes changes and this impacts the project plan?

Question 98

98. How would you ensure a project remained on the agreed budget through the design documentation and tendering stages of a commission?

Question 99

99. What must be obtained from your client after completing each stage of a commission?

Question 100

100. How do you respond to an instruction from the client that change the scope of work?

Question 101

101. How do you respond to an instruction from the client that changes your scope of services?

Question 102

102. What is whole life carbon?

Question 103

103. What is the difference between embodied and operational carbon?

Question 104

104. How can you reduce operational carbon in a building design?

Question 105

105. How can you reduce embodied carbon in a building design?

Question 106

106. What other than CO2e should be assessed when considering the environmental impact of a project?

Question 107

107. What measurement tools do you have to define the environmental impact of your design.

Question 108

108. What is a specification and how is it different from the information shown on the drawings.

Question 109

109. Where would you locate a finishes schedule in the package of documents for tendering the works?

Question 110

110. Where would you locate a list of provisional sums within the sect of contract documents?

Question 111

111. Who decides on the amount to be included for a provisional sum?

Question 112

112. What is the NCC? Describe what each Volume covers.

Question 113

113. What are included in the schedules to the NCC?

Question 114

114. What are reference documents and provide an example.

Question 115

115. What is a Safety in Design Report? What is it for? Who should receive a copy of it?

Question 116

116. What is procurement? What are the three risks of procurement?

Question 117

117. Which procurement model(s) prioritise time for the client. How does this effect your CAA terms and scope. Who is your CAA with?

Answer 117

what is your role in them and what are the risks

Question 118

118. Which procurement model(s) prioritise quality for the client. How does this effect your CAA terms and scope. Who is your CAA with?

Answer 118

what is your role in them and what are the risks

Question 119

119. Which procurement model(s) prioritise cost for the client. How does this effect your CAA terms and scope. Who is your CAA with?

Answer 119

what is your role in them and what are the risks

Question 120

120. When would a Public Private Partnership be an appropriate procurement model?

Question 121

121. What is Early Contractor Involvement? What are the pros and cons of ECI?

Question 122

122. What is Design and Construct. Who do you work for? What is Novation?

Question 123

123. Describe the different forms of tendering commonly used in the building industry?

Question 124

124. How would you ensure all tenderers were provided with the detailed arrangements for a tender process?

Question 125

125. What would be included in a typical set of tender documents for one of your projects?

Question 126

126. How would you create a selected list of prospective tenderers?

Question 127

127. What do you do when a tenderer notifies you of contradictions in the tender documents?

Question 128

128. What happens in a tender process after the tender closing time?

Question 129

129. How do you manage late tenders?

Question 130

130. In the tender process what is an addendum and what is it used for?

Question 131

131. What would be included in a set of contract documents for a fully documented project?

Question 132

132. When using the ABIC lump sum contract who are the parties that sign the contract documents?

Question 133

133. Name 3 different standard forms of lump sum building contracts.

Question 134

134. Which contract would you recommend for a small residential project and why?

Question 135

135. Which contract would you recommend for a large commercial project and why?

Question 136

136. Describe at least 3 separate non-traditional (i.e. other than a lump sum) forms of procurement

Question 137

137. What role does the architect play in the commonly used standard lump sum contracts?

Question 138

138. What are the fundamental obligations of the owner in an ABIC contract

Question 139

139. What are the fundamental obligations of the contractor in an ABIC contract

Question 140

140. What is the purpose of the Schedules in an ABIC contract?

Question 141

141. Can you use the Australian Standard AS- 2124 contract for residential work?

Question 142

142. Can you use an ABIC contract for residential work?

Question 143

143. Who are the parties who sign the ABIC contract?

Question 144

144. Who are the parties who sign an AS 2124 contract?

Question 145

145. Who are the parties who sign an AS 4000 contract?

Question 146

146. Your client and the Contractor want to use a MBA standard form of lump sum contract. Is there any problem with this proposal?

Question 147

147. When does the construction contract commence under an ABIC contract? When does it end?

Question 148

148. What other significant dates are listed in the ABIC contract and where are they be stated.

Question 149

149. How are these significant dates established? Can they be changed?

Question 150

150. What happens when a significant date occurs?

Question 151

151. What is the architect’s roll under the ABIC contract?

Question 152

152. Explain how you are would continue to receive instructions from your client yet remain independent during contract administration phase of an ABIC contract?

Question 153

153. What risks are there to the architect providing contract administration services to a client? How can these risks be minimised?

Question 154

154. What happens if there is a disagreement between the parties under an ABIC contract? What happens if the dispute can’t be resolved

Question 155

155. What role should you take in any dispute between the contractor and the owner under an ABIC contract.

Question 156

156. What must the contractor provide to the architect under the terms of the ABIC contract before site possession is granted?

Question 157

157. What other information do you require from a contractor before a project commences on site?

Question 158

158. Under the terms of the ABIC contract the contractor is required to produce a program showing how the works will be completed. Does this program become part of the contract documents?

Question 159

159. During the construction phase of a project who is responsible for the supervision of the works.

Question 160

160. What is the difference between making regular inspections (as stated in the AIA CA agreement) and supervising the works?

Question 161

161. Who controls the site during the construction of the works and why?

Question 162

162. Is it OK for your client (the owner) to visit the works at any time to check on progress?

Question 163

163. What is the purpose of a site meeting? Typically what would be covered in a site meeting? What additional items should you (as the architect) ensure are included in the first site meeting?

Question 164

164. How often should site meetings be held and why?

Question 165

165. Who should run site meetings and prepare the minutes? Explain the reasons for your answer.

Question 166

166. How do you respond to a question from the contractor on site?

Question 167

167. How do you respond to a question on site from a sub-contractor?

Question 168

168. What is the normal way for a contractor to formally ask questions under the contract?

Question 169

169. What does the ABIC contract require by way of response to questions from the contractor?

Question 170

170. What are the pros/cons of the formal question-answer system under the contract? Where is the architect at risk in this process? What could the architect do to minimise any risk?

Question 171

171. Explain the requirement for security as defined in the ABIC contract?

Question 172

172. Who provides security under the ABIC contract and to whom?

Question 173

173. What are the types of security available under ABIC?

Question 174

174. What is a bank guarantee and what is its purpose under the terms of the ABIC contract?

Question 175

175. What is a retention fund under ABIC? What is its purpose and how does money get placed in this fund.

Question 176

176. How can an owner use a bank guarantee provided under the terms of the ABIC contract?

Question 177

177. How can an owner use the money in the retention fund under the terms of the ABIC contract?

Question 178

178. When, if at all, is security released and by which party to the ABIC contract?

Question 179

179. Does the architect release security under the terms of the ABIC contract and if so to whom?

Question 180

180. During construction what insurance(s) are required under the terms of an ABIC contract?

Question 181

181. Which party provides these insurance policies

Question 182

182. Who must hold them?

Question 183

183. When must the policies be taken out and for how long?

Question 184

184. When and to whom are they transferred if at all?

Question 185

185. How are these insurances documented and who holds the documentation?

Question 186

186. Does the insurance policy for the works cover a situation where damage to the works occurs as a result of negligence by the contractor?

Question 187

187. What happens when there is a break-in on site and tools to the value of say $1500.00 are stolen?

Question 188

188. Consider a domestic alteration where the roof is partly removed and covered with tarpaulins by the Contractor (as part of the works) but during a rainstorm water gets inside and damages this damage covered by the “works” insurance policy?

Question 189

189. What is the meaning of the term “variation”?

Question 190

190. What are the three elements that may be impacted by a variation? Give examples of each

Question 191

191. Does a variation always cause an adjustment to the contract? Explain.

Question 192

192. Describe the process by which a variation and its effects are recorded + managed under the

Question 193

193. Are there any risks to the contractor if this process is not followed? Discuss

Question 194

194. Are there any risks to the owner if this process is not followed? discuss

Question 195

195. Are there any risks to the architect if this process is not followed? discuss

Question 196

196. Who assesses the value of variations and why?

Question 197

197. Who approves variations and why?

Question 198

198. Who assesses the impact of the variation and how is this done?

Question 199

199. Under an ABIC contract what is the difference between the term “variation” and a claim by the contractor to “adjust the contract”

Question 200

200. In an ABIC contract what is the meaning of the term “prime cost sum”.

Question 201

201. In an ABIC contract what is the meaning of the term “provisional sum”

Question 202

202. When would a prime cost sum be used and when would a provisional sum be used as part of an ABIC contract?

Question 203

203. What are the risks with using either prime cost and/or provisional sum? give examples.

Question 204

204. When would it be a good idea to use either? give examples.

Question 205

205. Who decided the amounts to be used for prime cost and/or provisional sums? How are these figures established and where would they be found in the contract documents?

Question 206

figures established and where would they be found in the contract documents?

Question 207

207. Under the provisions of an ABIC contract who pays the contractor?

Question 208

208. Describe the process as set out in the ABIC contract to be followed by the contractor when requesting payment

Question 209

209. Under the provisions of an ABIC contract who checks the contractor’s request for payment and how?

Question 210

210. Under the provisions of an ABIC contract what are the owner’s obligations with regard to payments?

Question 211

211. What happens if there is a disagreement about how much to pay the contractor

Question 212

212. In the ABIC contract where are the payment terms described? What happens if the contractor does not get paid within in these terms?

Question 213

213. Is it OK for an owner to pay for things that have been constructed off site but not yet delivered to the works?

Question 214

214. Assume you have checked these items in the factory and confirmed they are all completed and ready for delivery. On the basis of your answer what risks are there to the contractor the owner +/or to the project?

Question 215

215. How can these risks be minimised?

Question 216

216. Under the provisions of an ABIC contract when does the contractor get the last payment?

Question 217

217. What must you do when before making your assessment of the current value of the works

Question 218

218. What are the significant dates under the ABIC contract? Is it possible to adjust them? Explain

Question 219

219. What is a construction program?

Question 220

220. Under the provisions of an ABIC contract who should provide the program and when?

Question 221

221. Under the provisions of an ABIC contract is the construction program a contract document?

Question 222

222. Should the architect approve the construction program?

Question 223

223. Does the program remain the same throughout the contract?

Question 224

224. What is a critical path?

Question 225

225. Under the provisions of an ABIC contract how does the contractor ask for additional time if the

Question 226

226. Under the provisions of an ABIC contract who decides if the contractor is allowed to have additional time and how is the contractor’s request assessed.

Question 227

227. Under the provisions of an ABIC contract what information must be provided before any assessment can be made?

Question 228

228. How is the assessment process documented under the provisions of an ABIC contract?

Question 229

229. Who is responsible for minimising delays and their effects?

Question 230

230. What risk does the architect face with respect to their own involvement in any delay to the works? How can this risk be minimised?

Question 231

231. Under the provisions of an ABIC contract what is the term practical completion?

Question 232

232. How is the target date for completion of the works described in the ABIC contract and where?

Question 233

233. Under the provisions of an ABIC contract who decides when this date has been reached?

Question 234

234. What does the date of practical completion trigger under the provisions of an ABIC contract? (i.e. what happens at practical completion?)

Question 235

235. What happens if the contractor does not complete the works by the due date and is late? What if the works are finished before the due date? What if the works are finished before the due date?

Question 236

236. Under the provisions of an ABIC contract can the target date for practical completion be changed and how?

Question 237

237. Under the provisions of an ABIC contract what is the procedure for the contractor when it believes the works are complete

Question 238

238. Under the provisions of an ABIC contract what is the procedure for the architect when the contractor states the works are complete

Question 239

239. What items must be complete at the date of practical completion

Question 240

240. What type of items may not complete at practical completion? give examples

Question 241

241. What documents are required prior to practical completion? Why is it important to have these prior to?

Question 242

242. How should the architect respond if both parties to the contract believe that practical completion has been reached but the architect does not agree?

Question 243

243. Can practical completion be triggered other than by the architect? If so describe what happens under the terms of the ABIC contract

Question 244

244. What would you say to a client who wants to move in before PC.

Question 245

245. If the client does move in before PC what should you do?

Question 246

246. What are liquidated damages and what is their purpose?

Question 247

247. Are they calculated on working days or calendar days? Why?

Question 248

248. Who decides the value per day? When is it determined and where is it documented?

Question 249

249. Under the provisions of an ABIC contract who decides if liquidated damages should apply + when?

Question 250

250. Under the provisions of an ABIC contract how are liquidated damages formally applied under the contract?

Question 251

251. Are liquidated damages a penalty? If not what are they?

Question 252

252. What is an early completion bonus?

Question 253

253. What is a late penalty clause? How is it different from Liquidated Damages?

Question 254

254. What is a defect?

Question 255

255. Under the provisions of an ABIC contract what is the defects liability period and what is its purpose

Question 256

256. How long should it be and why? Where in the ABIC contract is this documented?

Question 257

257. What is the difference between a defect and a maintenance item? give examples

Question 258

258. When would you make an inspection for possible defects?

Question 259

259. How would you communicate to the contractor those items you have determined are defects?

Question 260

260. What risks are there to the architect during the defects liability period? How can they be minimised?

Question 261

261. What risks are there to the contractor during the defects liability period? How can they be minimised?

Question 262

262. What are the owner’s obligations when

Answer 262

as a result of a building defect

Question 263

a roof in the middle of the night during a weekend?

Question 264

263. What are the contractor’s obligations when

Answer 264

as a result of a building defect

Question 265

occurs to a roof in the middle of the night during a weekend?

Question 266

264. What are the architect’s obligations whento a roof in the middle of the night during a weekend?

Answer 266

as a result of a building defect

Question 267

265. What happens when a defect is discovered 2 days before the end o f the defects liability period?

Question 268

266. Under the provisions of an ABIC contract what is a final certificate?

Question 269

267. Under the provisions of an ABIC contract when is it issued and by whom?

Question 270

268. What does the issue of the final certificate trigger?

Question 271

269. After the issue of the final certificate what obligation if any does the contractor have to rectify defects?

Question 272

270. What recourse is available to an owner to get a defect rectified after the issue of the final

Question 273

certificate if the contractor refuses to do the work?

Question 274

271. What are the obligations of an architect to the owner after the issue of the final certificate

Question 275

272. Under the provisions of an ABIC contract what are the requirements of the architect after the

Question 276

issue of the final certificate

Question 277

273. What is a post occupancy study? What is its purpose? Who conducts it?

Question 278

274. What is a carbon post occupancy study? What is its purpose? Who conducts it?

Question 279

Termination & Disputes

Question 280

275. How is the ABIC contract terminated? Who can terminate? Under what conditions can it be

Question 281

terminated? What are the rights of the parties after termination?

Question 282

276. How is a Client Architect Agreement terminated? Who can terminate? Under what conditions

Question 283

can it be terminated? What are the rights of the parties after termination?

Question 284

277. Can a contract be immediately terminated if a party has an insolvency event?

Question 285

278. What is Alternative Dispute Resolution? Give two examples.

Question 286

279. What is the purpose of the mediation clause in a contract?

Question 287

280. How could a client make a legal claim against you?

Question 288

281. Give an example of a statutory claim that could be made against you as an architect. As an

Question 289

employer? As a director?

Question 290

282. Give an example of a contractual claim that could be made against you as an architect. As an

Question 291

employer?

Question 292

283. Give an example of a tortious claim that could be made against you as an architect.