Joints

Question 2

Arthrology

Answer 2

the study of joints

Question 3

kinesiology

Answer 3

study of musculoskeletal movement

Question 4

Functional Classification of Joints

Answer 4

• Synarthroses - immovable (“syn-“ means fusion or think “sin” = without movement)
• Amphiarthroses - slightly movable
• Diarthroses - freely movable (appendicular)

Question 5

Structural Classification of Joints

Answer 5

• based on binding material and presence of joint cavity
• Fibrous Joints - Sutures, Syndesmoses, Gomphoses
• Cartilagenous Joints - synchondroses, symphyses
• Synovial Joints - have synovial cavity/fluid

Question 6

Fibrous Joints

Answer 6

• these are synarthroses, meaning immovable, though some slightly movable
• connected by fibrous CT, no joint cavity

Question 7

Fibrous joints between skull bones that are tightly bound by small amount of tissue. Allow bone growth during childhood.

Answer 7

Sutures

Question 8

Fibrous joints connected by ligaments only. Most movable fibrous joints, depending on length of ligament fibers.

Answer 8

Syndesmoses

Question 9

Joint found between teeth and their sockets, connected by collagen fibers.

Answer 9

Gomphoses

Question 10

Cartilagenous Joints

Answer 10

• bones united by cartilage
• no joint cavity
• not highly movable

two types: synchondroses, symphyses

Question 11

Immovable cartilagenous joint in which hyaline cartilage unites bones. Found in epiphyseal plates and ribs’ attachment’s to sternum.

Answer 11

Synchondroses

Question 12

Fibrocartilagenous union of bone that resists tension and compression and is slightly movable.

Answer 12

Symphyses

(pubic symphyses and intervertebral discs)

Question 13

Synovial Joints

Answer 13

• most movable of all joints
• all considered diarthroses
• bones separated by fluid-filled joint cavity

Question 14

Parts of Synovial Joints

Answer 14

- articular cartilage

- joint cavity

- articular capsule

- synovial fluid

- reinforcing ligaments

Question 15

Articular Cartilage

Answer 15

• hyaline cartilage on ends of bones in synovial joints
• absorbs compression

Question 16

Joint Cavity

Answer 16

• AKA synovial cavity
• holds small amount of synovial fluid

Question 17

Articular Capsule

Answer 17

• two-layered capsule around synovial joint
• made up of Fibrous Capsule of dense irregular CT and Synovial Membrane of loose CT which lines capsule and covers internal surfaces, producing synovial fluid

Question 18

synovial fluid

Answer 18

viscous fluid that lubricates synovial joints

Question 19

Reinforcing Ligaments

Answer 19

• extracapsular ligaments - located outside the capsule
• intracapsular ligaments - located inside capsule

Question 20

Articular Discs

Answer 20

• also known as Meniscus
• disc of fibrocartilage in some joints (knee, jaw)

Question 21

ligaments

Answer 21

• join bone to bone

Question 22

tendons

Answer 22

• join muscle to bone

Question 23

bursa

Answer 23

• a fibrous sac lined with synovial membrane between some bones, tendons and muscles to decrease friction

Question 24

Knee Joint Overview

Answer 24

• articular capsule
• articular cartilages
• synovial membrane
• suprapatellar, infrapatellar and prepatellar bursae
• anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments
• tibial and fibular cruciate ligaments
• patellar ligament
• tendon of quadriceps femoris
• medial and lateral menisci

Question 25

articular capsule of knee

Answer 25

- not visible on models - made up of outer fibrous capsule and inner synovial membrane - encloses medial, lateral and posterior knee joint

Question 26

white connective tissue covering bone where condyles of femur and tibia

Answer 26

articular cartilages of the knee

Question 27

synovial membrane of knee

Answer 27

- not seen on models - secretes synovial fluid from surface of articular capsule

Question 28

Fluid-filled sac above the knee cap, deep to the quadriceps femoris

Answer 28

Suprapatellar Bursa

Question 29

fluid-filled sac superficial to the patella

Answer 29

prepatellar bursa

Question 30

fluid-filled sac distal to kneecap

Answer 30

infrapatellar bursa

Question 31

fibrocartilage pad on medial condyle of tibia

Answer 31

medial meniscus of knee joint

Question 32

fibrocartilage pad on lateral condyle of tibia

Answer 32

lateral meniscus of knee joint

Question 33

ligament running from posterior femur to anterior tibia

Answer 33

anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) - prevents hyperextension of knee

Question 34

ligament running from anterior femur to posterior tibia

Answer 34

posterior cruciate ligament - prevents hyperflexion

Question 35

Answer 35

lateral (fibular) collateral ligament - prevents hyperadduction

Question 36

name of CT replaced here by artificial means

Answer 36

- medial (tibial) collateral ligament prevents hyperabduction

Question 37

Answer 37

patellar ligament - attaches patella to tibia

Question 38

2

Answer 38

tendon of quadriceps femoris - patella is embedded within

Question 39

Joints that allow only gliding movement, as in wrists and ankles

Answer 39

Plane Joint

Question 40

Joints that allow motion in only one plane, such as those of the fingers, elbows and knees.

Answer 40

hinge joints #4 in image

Question 41

Joint in which the axis of a convex articular surface is parallel with the longitudinal axis of the bone allowing rotation. Seen in the atlanto-axial joint between the first two cervical vertebrae.

Answer 41

Pivot Joint #5 in image

Question 42

an ovoid articular surface, or condyle that is received into an elliptical cavity allowing for biplanar movement (flexion, extension, ab/adduction) seen in metacarpophalangeal joint

Answer 42

Condyloid Joint #2 in image

Question 43

joint whose opposing surfaces are reciprocally concave-convex, allowing biplanar movement ( flexion, extension, adduction, abduction) but no axial rotation ex: sternoclavicular joint

Answer 43

saddle joint #3 in image

Question 44

a joint in which the spheroid surface of one rounded bone fits into the cup-like depression of another bone ex: femur in acetabulum, humerus in glenoid fossa

Answer 44

ball and socket join

Question 45

gliding

Answer 45

bony surfaces glide over each other

Question 46

flexion

Answer 46

decreases the angle of joint

Question 47

extension

Answer 47

increases the angle of joint

Question 48

abduction

Answer 48

draws a limb out to the side, away from the median sagittal plane think "abduct" as in to take away

Question 49

adduction

Answer 49

a movement which brings a part of the anatomy closer to the middle sagittal plane of the body

Question 50

circumduction

Answer 50

movement of limb that describes a cone proximal end is still, distal end moves in circle

Question 51

rotation

Answer 51

turning bone around its long axis

Question 52

supination

Answer 52

rotate forearm laterally so palm faces anteriorly

Question 53

pronation

Answer 53

rotate forearm medially so palm faces posteriorly

Question 54

inversion

Answer 54

moving foot's sole toward midline

Question 55

eversion

Answer 55

moving foot's sole laterally

Question 56

protraction

Answer 56

jutting out of jaw

Question 57

retraction

Answer 57

moving jaw backward

Question 58

elevation

Answer 58

lifting limb or body part superiorly

Question 59

depression

Answer 59

moving body part inferiorly

Question 60

opposition

Answer 60

bringing thumb and index finger tips together

Question 61

dorsiflexion/plantar flexion

Answer 61

up and down movements of foot, respectively