Z Old Anatomy > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

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1
Q
A
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2
Q

What are the two groups of sex organs and what does each contain?

A

Primary Sex Organs - produce gametes (ovaries, testes)

Secondary/Accessory Sex Organs - nourish gametes and transport them (glands, external genitalia)

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3
Q

What are the primary and secondary sex organs of the male?

A

Primary - Testes (produce sperm & testosterone)

Secondary -

  • scrotum,
  • epididymis,
  • ducts deferens,
  • ejaculatory duct,
  • prostate gland
  • bulbourethral gland
  • seminal vesicle
  • urethra
  • penis
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4
Q

17

A

Testes

  • oval shaped gland that produces sperm and testosterone
  • contain about 1,000 coiled seminiferous tubules (site of sperm production)
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5
Q

18

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Scrotum

  • dual-chambered protuberance of skin and muscle that encloses the testis, epididymis and spermatic cord
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6
Q

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Penis

  • copulatory organ that surrounds urethra
  • contains three masses of erectile tissue
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7
Q

What is the round structure shown here?

What is their function and what are their cells?

A

Seminiferous Tubule

  • convoluted tubules which are sites of sperm production and maturation within testes
  • Spermatogenic Cells - sperm-forming cells
  • Sustentacular (Sertoli) Cells - support cells
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8
Q

Indicated by blue arrows:

A

Spermatogonia

  • AKA spermatogenic cells
  • stem cells within seminiferous tubules
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9
Q

Green arrow:

What is it?

What is its function?

A

Sertoli (Sustentacular) Cells

  • support cells which surround and nourish spermatogenic cells
  • extend from basal lamina of tuble to lumen
  • produce secretions
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10
Q

part A

  • what is its function?
  • where are they?
A

Leydig (interstitial) Cells

  • secretes testosterone into surrounding interstitial fluid
  • surround seminiferous tubules
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11
Q

What is the process of sperm cell production called? And what are its two stages?

A

Spermatogenesis

Stage 1: _Meiosis _

Stage 2: Spermiogenesis - spermatids differentiate into mature sperm

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12
Q

What are the stages of spermatogenesis from spermatogonium to spermatozoa?

A
  1. Spermatogonium
  2. Primary Spermatocyte (single diploid cell)
  3. Meiosis I
  4. Secondary Spermatocyte (two haploids)
  5. Meisosis II
  6. Early Spermatid (four haploid cells)
  7. Late spermatid (now have flagella)
  8. Spermatozoa
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13
Q

What is the order of the reproductive duct system in males from seminiferous tubule to urethra?

A
  1. Seminiferous tubule
  2. Rete testes
  3. Efferent Ductule
  4. Epididymis
  5. Ductus deferens
  6. Spermatic cord
  7. Urethra
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14
Q

What do A, B and C make up?

What are its regions (A, B and C) ?

Its function?

A

Epididymis

  • coiled duct posterior to each testis
  • connects tubules of testis to ductus deferens
  • site of sperm maturation and storage

Regions:

  1. Head - efferent ductules empty here (A)
  2. Body - middle portion just posterior to testis (B)
  3. Tail - end inferior to testis, just before ductus deferens (C)
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15
Q
A

Vas (Ductus) Deferens

  • duct that carries sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory duct
  • has thick muscularis layer in its wall
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16
Q

Starred structure:

What is its covering and what does it contain?

A

Spermatic Cord

  • tube of fibrous CT that contains testicular blood vessels, nerves and vas deferens
  • runs from inside scrotum, out via the inguinal canal
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17
Q

What is this passage?

A

inguinal canal

  • passage in anterior abdominal wall through which spermatic cord passes
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18
Q
A

Prostatic Urethra

  • part of urethra extending through prostate gland
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19
Q
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Membranous Urethra

  • part of urethra that travels through urogenital diaphragm
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20
Q

9

A

Spongy Urethra

  • AKA penile urethra
  • part of urethra that passes through penis
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21
Q

Indicated by red arrow:

A

External Urethral Orifice

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22
Q

What are the three accessory glands of the male reproductive system?

A
  1. Seminal Vesicles (paired)
  2. Prostate Gland (single)
  3. Bulbourethral Gland (paired)
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23
Q

11

A

Seminal Vesicles

  • pair of glands that produce ~60% of volume of semen
  • secretes fluid containing fructose (to nourish sperm) into ampulla of vas deferens
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24
Q
A

ejaculatory duct

  • duct where seminal vesicle meets vas deferens
  • conducts sperm and seminal fluid into urethra
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25
**Prostate Gland** - round gland surrounding prostatic urethra - 20-30 tubuloalveolar glands in dense CT and smooth muscle - secretes ~1/3 of seminal fluid - site where ejaculatory duct meets urethra
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size? location? function?
**Bulbourethral** (or **Cowper's**) **Glands** - pair of pea-sized mucus glands at base of penis, inferior to prostate, right at the level of the urogenital diaphragm - produce mucus that cleanses the urethra of urine and lubricates it just prior to ejaculation
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What is this covering?
**tunica albuginea** - thick white fibrous capsule covering testis
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What do #2 and #3 make up?
**tunica vaginalis** - serous covering of the testis
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What are the three main parts of the penis?
**Root** - where it attaches to the body **Shaft** - the body of the penis **Glans penis** - the enlarged tip of the shaft
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**Prepuce** - foreskin of the penis
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#3
**corpus cavernosa** - two paired cylindrical bodies of erectile tissue - dorsolaterally located on the penis
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#2
**corpus spongiosum** - single cylindrical body of erectile tissue surrounding urethra - fills with blood during erection
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#1
**Urethra**
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What are the two groupings of sex organs in the female reproductive system (and their respective organs)?
**Primary Organs** - Ovaries **Secondary/Accessory Organs** - * mons pubis * labia minora/majora * clitoris * vagina * cervix * uterus * fallopian tubes * fimbria * mammary glands
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Functions of the Female Reproductive System
- produce gametes - prepares to support developing embryo - undergoes changes during menstrual cycle
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Paired whitish glands here: - function? - how are they held in place? - what is their functional unit?
**Ovary** - produce eggs and secrete estrogen and progesterone - held in place by ligaments and mesenteries - composed of **Ovarian Follicles** in which oocytes mature
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What's this entire structure?
**Ovarian Follicle** - _oocytes_ surrounded by _follicular cells_
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What are the stages of maturation of an ovarian follicle?
1. **Primordial Follicle** 2. **Primary Follicle** 3. **Secondary Follicle** 4. **Graafian Follicle**
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red arrow:
**Primordial Follicle** - least mature follicles - indentified by its single layer of flattened follicular cells surrounding the oocyte
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**Primary Follicle** - second stage of follicular maturation - larger oocyte surrounded by _one ore more layers of cuboidal follicular cells_ - secretes estrogen to stimulate change in uterine lining
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**Secondary Follicle** - many layers of follicular cells around a much larger oocyte - fluid-filled space called _antrum_ now present
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**Graafian Follicle** - AKA **vesicular** or **mature follicle** - secondary oocyte, numerous layers of follicular cells and large crescent-shaped antrum (larger than antrum in secondary follicle
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**Oocyte** - egg cells
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visible layer just inside folliculuar cells
**zona pellucida** - translucent glycoprotein coat around oocyte which sperm must penetrate in order to fertilize the egg
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Blue arrow
**Corona Radiata** - innermost layer of follicular cells surrounding oocyte - external to zona pellucida
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Ovulation - How does it happen? - How often?
- About every 28 days a follicle ruptures at the surface of the ovary and the fimbriae usher it into the fallopian tube
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#1 and #2
**Corpus Luteum** - "yellow body" part of follicle which remains in ovary after ovulation - secretes estrogen and progesterone to stimulate buildup of uterine lining and prepare for possible oocyte fertilization - in slides, much larger than follicles and have no visible oocytes - degenerates into **Corpus Albicans** ("white body")
48
What does the black line indicate? What process occurs here?
**Fallopian Tube** - AKA **oviduct** or **uterine tube** - ducts that receive oocyte from _fimbriae_ and conduct it towards the uterus - attached to uterus, but not ovaries - fertilization occurs within the fallopian tube
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#2
**Fimbriae** - finger-like projections on oviducts that extend into pelvic cavity - contain cilia that beat toward the entrance of the oviduct, conducting eggs from ovaries into the duct
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#8
**infundibulum** - funnel-shaped lateral margin of fallopian tube
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#1 function?
**uterus** - hollow organ between bladder and rectum - receives, retains and nourishes fertilized egg - implantation, placenta formation and fetal development occur here
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**Cervix** - most inferior part of uterus - muscular ring which projects into vagina
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#11
**Fundus** - superior dome-shaped region of uterus where oviducts enter
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**body of uterus** - main portion of uterus inferior to fundus - tapers downward toward cervix
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Yellow highlighted portion:
**isthmus** - slightly narrow region between body of uterus and cervix
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What are the three layers of the uterine wall?
1. **Perimetrium -** outer visceral peritoneum 2. **Myometrium** - middle layer; bundles of smooth muscle 3. **Endometrium** - mucosal lining shed during menstruation
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**Perimetrium** - outer visceral peritoneum
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**Myometrium** - thick layer of smooth muscle in uterine wall - contracts during labor to expel the fetus
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**Endometrium** - innermost uterine layer - mucus mebrane where embryo implants after arriving from uterine tube - simple columnar epithelium and lamina propria - sheds during menstruation if no pregnancy occurs
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Green highlighted area:
**Vagina** - 4 to 6 inch tube between uterus and external genitalia that accepts the penis during sexual intercourse - serves as passageway during childbirth - has muscularis layer in its wall
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**Fornix** - superior space in vagina formed by cervix' protrusion into vagina
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Folds indicated by pencil and lines:
**Rugae** - folds of mucosa
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**Vaginal Orifice** - external opening of the vagina
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**Mons Pubis** - mound of skin and subcutaneous CT anterior to pubic symphysis - covered with pubic hair in postpubescent females
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**Labia Majora** - pair of external folds of fatty tissue lateral to labia minora - covered with hair and sebaceous glands - enclose the openings of the urethra and vagina, merging behind the vagina
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**Labia Minora** - smaller hairless folds within labia majora - enclose vestibule - unite anteriorly to form clitoris
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**Clitoris** - small mass of erectile tissue at anterior meeting of the labia minora - corresponds to the male penis
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#7
**Prepuce** - fold of labia minora that covers clitoris
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What is the space between the labia minora called?
**Vestibule** - contains the vaginal orifice and urethral opening
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**Urethral Opening** AKA **external urethral orifice**
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- Highlighted green area
**Urethra** - muscular tube that carries urine from bladder to exterior
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What is this diamond-shaped area?
**Perineum** - bounded by pubic symphysis, ischial tuberosities and coccyx
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#1
**Urogenital Diaphragm** - double layer of pelvic fascia with included muscle between ischial and pubic rami - traversed by vagina, gives passage to membranous urethra and encloses urethral sphincter
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What are the milk-producing glands called? They are specialized versions of what kind of glands?
**mammary glands** - specialized sweat glands - 15-20 lobes, _lactiferous duct_ of each opens at nipple - present in both sexes, functional in lactating females only
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What is this entire layer? How is it distinguishable from other layers in slides? (not just the arrow)
**Endometrium** - innermost layer of uterus - borders the endometrial cavity - simple columnar epithelium and underlying lamina propria with _simple tubular uterine glands_ (indicated by red arrow; these help distinguish it in slides)
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What is the dark purple layer arcing above the smaller layer riddled with tubules?
**myometrium** - thick muscular middle layer of uterus - three intertwining layers of smooth muscle
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#3
**Perimetrium** - outermost uterine layer; visceral peritoneum - loose CT with lymphatic vessels
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