Z Old Anatomy > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

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1
Q
A
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2
Q

Tissues

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Groups of cells with similar structure and function, vary in content of extracellular matrix

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3
Q

Extracellular Matrix

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Substance(s) produced by cells of a specific tissue, located on the outside of the cells, may contain protein fibers, salts, water, macromolecules

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4
Q

Four Primary Tissue Types

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Epithelial (covering), Connective (support), Muscle (movement), Nervous (control)

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5
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A
  • Lines the inside and outside of body surfaces, cavities and organs.
  • Glands mostly derived from it
  • Little/no ECM
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6
Q

Functions of Epithelium

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  • protection
  • absorption, secretion, ion transport
  • filtration
  • forms slippery surfaces
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7
Q

Characteristics of Epithelia

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  • cells fit closely (“cellularity”)
  • polarity (“apical” and “basal” surface w/ diff functions)
  • junctions on lateral surfaces
  • supported by connective tissue
  • avascular
  • innervated
  • regenerate regularly
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8
Q

Apical Surface

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“top” of cell, part of cell on cavity/lumen side, sometimes has cilia or microvilli

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9
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Basal Surface

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“bottom” of cell, in contact with basement membrane

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Lateral Surface

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“sides” of cell, contain cell junctions (tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions)

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11
Q

Microvilli

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Folded membrane extensions for increasing of surface area in absorptive cells (ex: small intestine)

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12
Q

Cilia

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cytoskeletal “hairs” used for movement (ex: respiratory epithelia moving mucus out of lungs)

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13
Q

Tight Junction

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  • closely associated areas of two cells whose membranes join together forming a virtually impermeable barrier to fluid
  • like “strips of velcro”
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14
Q

Desmosomes

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  • structure specialized for cell-to-cell adhesion
  • localized spot-like adhesions randomly arranged on the lateral sides of plasma membranes
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15
Q

Gap Junction

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directly connects the cytoplasm of two cells, which allows various molecules and ions to pass freely between cells

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16
Q

Basal Lamina

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non-cellular, avascular layer of fibrils & glycoproteins secreted by epithelia on their basal side to act as a selective filter

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17
Q

Basement Membrane

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  • thin sheet of fibers that underlies the epithelium
  • is the fusion of two lamina, the basal lamina and the reticular lamina
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18
Q

Reticular Lamina

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Connective tissue that makes up part of the basement membrane

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19
Q

Epithelium Nomenclature

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  • “first name” indicates number of cell layers (simple = one, stratified = more than one)
  • “last name” describes shape of cells (squamous = wider than tall, cuboidal = cube, columnar = taller than wide)
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20
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium

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  • one layer of flat cells with disc-like nuclei that bulge out slightly like an egg yolk
  • Function: material transport via diffusion/filtration, secretion of lubricating substances
  • Location: kidney glomeruli; alveoli, lining of heart, blood and lymph vessels, lining of ventral body cavities
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21
Q

Endothelium

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  • certain kind of simple squamous epithelium
  • smooth lining to hollow heart, blood and lymph vessels
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22
Q

Mesothelium

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  • lines peritoneal, pleural and pericardial cavities (parietal)
  • covers visceral organs (visceral)
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23
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

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  • single layer, cube-like cells w/ large spherical central nuclei
  • Function: secretion, absorption
  • Location: Kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface
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24
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium

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  • Single layer, column-shaped cells with oval nuclei toward the basal end
  • may contain goblet cells
  • Function: absorption, secretion of mucus, enzymes, etc.
  • Location: (non-ciliated) digestive tract, gall bladder (ciliated) small bronchi, uterine tubes, parts of uterus
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25
Goblet cells
simple columnar epithelial cells that line the intestines, respiratory tract and secrete mucus
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Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
- single layer, cells of different heights - false layered appearance - may be ciliated - Function: absorption, secretion, propulsion of mucus by cilia - Location: (non-ciliated) ducts of large glands, sperm ducts, (ciliated) trachea, upper respiratory tract
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Stratified Epithelia
- 2+ layers - named according to shape of apical layer cells - regenerate from below - mostly for protection
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Stratified Squamous Epithelia
- deeper layers cuboidal or columnar - Function: protects underlying tissues from abrasion - Keratinized or non-Keratinized - Location: (non-keratin) moist linings of esophagus, mouth, vagina (keratin) epidermis
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Keratin
- Keratin is a fibrous structural protein that forms epidermis, hair, nails - Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelia have no nuclei to their apical layer because the cells are dead
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Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
- usually 2 layers - Function: protection - Location: large sweat gland ducts, mammary and salivary gland ducts
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Stratified Columnar Epithelium
- rare - Function: protection, secretion - Location: male urethra, large ducts of some glands
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Transitional Epithelium
- cells change shape, allows for stretching - Basal cells cuboidal/columnar, Apical cells dome-shaped/squamous - Function: permits distension of bladder, forms barrier for urine - Location: lines ureters, bladder, part of urethra
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Gland
one or more cells that secrete a particular product
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Endocrine Gland
- lacks ducts - secretes hormones directed at certain organs ("target" organs) - use cardiovascular system to transport its products
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Exocrine Gland
- empties through ducts to epithelial surface - includes sweat/oil glands, mucus glands, salivary glands, liver, pancreas
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Unicellular Exocrine Glands
- located within epithelium - ex: goblet cell (secrets "mucin" which mixes w/ water to form mucus)
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Multicellular Exocrine Glands
- formed by invagination of epithelium - made up of a "duct" lined by epithelium and a "secretory unit" lined by secretory epithelium - 1 name for duct structure, 1 for secretory unit - ducts are either "simple" or "compound" (unbranched or branched) - secretory units are "tubular" or "alveolar(/acinar)" or "tubuloalveolar" (some of both)
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Connective Tissue
- most abundant tissue type - underlies epithelium - mostly well-vascularized (except tendons, ligaments, cartilage) - fewer cells - much more ECM
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Connective Tissue ECM
- Ground Substance is polysaccharides, glycoproteins which hold tissue fluid and varies from soft, gel-like to hard, calcified - Fibers: "collagen" for strength, "elastic" for stretch, "reticular" for delicacy
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Loose Connective Tissue
- 3 types: Areolar, Adipose, Reticular - Functions: support and binding of tissues (3 fiber types), holds tissue fluids (ground substance), stores nutrients (adipocytes), defends against infection
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Defense Cells
- Macrophages (phagocytosis) - Plasma Cells (antibody secretions) - Mast Cells (inflammation) - WBCs (neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes)
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Areolar Connective Tissue (Loose)
- most widely distributed (loose) - contains all 3 fibers - _Fibroblasts_ are the resident cells, various defense cells too - Function: wraps and cushions organs, phagocytosis, inflammation, hold tissue fluid - Location: under epithelia, packages organs, surrounds capillaries
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Adipose Connective Tissue (Loose)
- cells contain large lipid deposits w/ nuclei pushed to edge - Function: insulation, protection, fuel storage - Location: under skin, around kidneys/eyes, in abdomen/breasts - resident cell is known as an _Adipocyte_
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Brown Adipose Tissue
- smaller cells than regular adipose w/ numerous small fat droplets - vascularized - generate heat - have many mitochondria
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Reticular Connective Tissue (Loose)
- delicate fiber network - Function: internal support of lymphoid organs, supports immune cells, allows for expansion/contraction - Location: Spleen, Bone Marrow, Lymph Nodes
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Dense Connective Tissue
- ECM is mostly collagen fibers - resident cells are _Fibroblasts_ - 3 types: Irregular, Regular, Elastic
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Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
- irregularly arranged collagen, some elastic fibers - Function: withstand multi-directional tension, structural support - Location: dermis, digestive submucosa, fibrous joint/organ capsules
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Dense Regular Connective Tissue
- parallel collagen fibers, few elastin fibers - Function: attach muscles and bones to each other, withstand high uni-directional stresses - Location: tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses
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Dense Elastic Connective Tissue
- high proportion of elastic fibers - Function: allows recoil following stretching, maintains pulse in arteries, aids passive recoil of lungs after inspiration - Location: walls of larger arteries, some ligaments of vertebral column, walls of bronchial tubes
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Cartilage
- Firm, flexible tissue - contains up to 80% water, collagen, ECM - residents cells are _Chondrocytes_ (_Chondroblasts_ when immature) within _Lacunae_ - avascular and non-innervated - 3 types: Hyaline, Elastic and Fibrocartilage
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Hyaline Cartilage
- amorphous, firm matrix of imperceptible collagen network - Function: support, resilient cushioning, resists compressive stress - Location: embryonic skeleton, ends of long bones, costal (rib) cartilage, nose, trachea, larynx
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Elastic Cartilage
- similar to hyaline w/ more elastic fibers - Function: maintain shape/structure w/ high flexibility - Location: support external ear (pinna), epiglottis
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Fibrocartilage
- similar to but less firm than hyaline, mostly thick collagen fibers - Function: tensile strength, shock absorption - Location: intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, discs of knee joint
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Bone
- hard, calcified matrix w/ much collagen - resident cell is _Osteocyte_ (within lacunae, called _Osteoblasts_ when immature) - well vascularized - Function: supports, protects, provides levers for muscle, store calcium, minerals, fat, hematopoiesis - Location: bones!
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Blood
- blood cells w/ fluid matrix (_plasma_) - fibers visible during clotting (_fibrin_) - Function: transport gases, nutrients, wastes, etc. - Location: within blood vessels
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Membranes
Four types: 1. Cutaneous Membrane - skin (epidermis and dermis) 2. Mucous Membrane - lines hollow organs open to outside (epithelium and areolar lamina propria) 3. Serous Membrane - moist lining of closed cavities (mesothelium, submesothelial CT) 4. Synovial Membrane - fibrous, lines *all* *movable* joint cavities
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Muscle Tissue
- specialized for contraction - elongated cells forming fibers - function to produce movement - 3 types: Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac
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Skeletal Muscle
- voluntary control - attached to bone and skin - cells are long, cylindrical, striated, multinucleate - nuclei are at edge of cells to make room for myofilaments
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Cardiac Muscle
- only in heart - involuntary control - contracts to propel blood through circulatory system - cells are uninucleate with central nuclei, branched, striated and interdigitate at sites called _intercalated disks_
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Smooth Muscle
- in walls of hollow organs - constrict and relax involuntarily to move contents - cells are uninucleate with central nuclei, spindle-shaped, unstriated, closely attached to each other
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Nervous Tissue
- Main cells are _neurons_ (electronically excitable cells), supporting cells are _neuroglial cells_ - Function: transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors (muscles and glands) - Location: brain, spinal cord, nerves
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Dendrites
Branched projections of a neuron that conduct electrochemical signals
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Axon
- AKA 'nerve fiber' - long, slender projection of neuron that conducts electrical impulses to other neurons, muscles and glands
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