joints

Question 1

3 types of joints

Answer 1

1. fibrous joints 2. cartilage joints 3. synovial joints

Question 2

2 types of fibrous joints

Answer 2

1. sutures 2. ligaments

Question 3

sutures 1. made of what type of tissue 2. location

Answer 3

1. dense irregular connective tissue 2. found in skull

Question 4

ligaments are made of what type of tissue

Answer 4

dense regular connective tissue

Question 5

cartilage joints are found in what 3 places

Answer 5

1. between ribs and sternum 2. between vertebrae (intervertebral discs) 3. between coxal bones (pubic symphysis)

Question 6

synovial joints 1. are what 2. made of what 3. are filled w/ what

Answer 6

1. capsules 2. dense irregular connective tissue 3. synovial fluid derived from blood to lubricate

Question 7

2 things that might be in a synovial joint

Answer 7

1. meniscus 2. ligaments–can also be wrapped over the synovial joint

Question 8

meniscus 1. what is it 2. what two things does it do

Answer 8

1. a pad of fibrocartilage inside a synovial joint 2. absorbs shock and helps stabilize joint

Question 9

bursa(e) 1. are what 2. location

Answer 9

1. independent synovial capsules filled w/ synovial fluid 2. found between synovial joint and surrounding soft tissue

Question 10

tendon sheaths

Answer 10

similar to bursae but found wrapped around tendons

Question 11

3 factors influencing synovial joint stability

Answer 11

1. amount of muscle and tendons spanning the joint 2. presence of menisci and reinforcing ligaments 3. how well the ends of the articulating bones fit together

Question 12

5 types of synovial joints

Answer 12

1. ball and socket joints (shoulders/hips) 2. hinge joints (elbows/knees/phalanges) 3. condyloid joints–similar to ball and socket joints (where phalanges connect to metacarpals/metatarsals) 4. plane joints (carpals/tarsals) 5. pivot joints (C1/C2)

Question 13

flexion

Answer 13

decreasing the angle across a joint

Question 14

extension

Answer 14

increasing the angle across a joint

Question 15

hyperextension

Answer 15

increasing the angle across a joint past anatomical position which commonly leads to joint injury

Question 16

adduction

Answer 16

moving a body part closer to the midline

Question 17

abduction

Answer 17

moving a body part further from the midline

Question 18

rotation

Answer 18

twisting movement in a half circle

Question 19

dorsiflexion

Answer 19

standing on heels w/ balls of feet off the floor

Question 20

plantar flexion

Answer 20

standing on balls of feet

Question 21

sprain

Answer 21

caused by hyperextension or twisting of a joint and leads to inflammation

Question 22

inflammation

Answer 22

general body response to tissue injury characterized by pain, swelling, heat and redness

Question 23

strain

Answer 23

overstretched or overused muscle

Question 24

dislocation

Answer 24

bones come out of alignment across a joint

Question 25

cartilage tear

Answer 25

torn menisci caused by over compression of meniscus

Question 26

arthritis

Answer 26

general term for chronic joint inflammation

Question 27

osteoarthritis 1. most what 2. considered what 3. what happens 4. what's the result

Answer 27

1. most common type 2. considered a normal part of aging (wear and tear) 3. articular cartilage wears down and underlying bone tissue becomes exposed w/in the joint, rubbed on and inflamed 4. the exposed bone undergoes bone deposition forming bone spurs

Question 28

3 treatments for osteoarthritis

Answer 28

1. anti-inflammatory meds (ibuprofen/aspirin/alleve) 2. low impact exercise--movement of joints stimulates production of synovial fluid) 3. medicated creams that stimulate temp. receptors (mainly a mental distraction)

Question 29

rheumatoid arthritis 1. immune system does what 2. replaced w/ what tissue 3. replaced with what tissue 4. result is 5. onset years 6. more common in

Answer 29

1. immune system attacks and destroys synovial joint tissue 2. destroyed tissue is replaced w/ scar tissue 3. osteoblasts and osteoclasts enter the scar tissue and replace it w/ bone tissue 4. the bones are now fused across the joint 5. onset is usually in 30's through 50's 6. common in women

Question 30

treatment for rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 30

immune suppressive meds (humira)

Question 31

gouty arthritis "gout" 1. is what 2. location

Answer 31

1. crystals (made of uric acid) form in the synovial fluid, irritate the joint tissues causing inflammation 2. forms in joints of feet and toes

Question 32

2 risk factors for gout

Answer 32

1. eating foods high in nucleic acids (seafood/organ meat/red meat) 2. dehydration because it increases uric acid concentration

Question 33

2 ways to prevent gout

Answer 33

1. vitamin C 2. hydration