nervous system

Question 1

3 general functions of nervous system

Answer 1

1. motor (efferent) functioning
2. sensory (afferent) functioning
3. integrative (associative) functioning

Question 2

motor functioning

1. aka
2. two functions

Answer 2

1. efferent functioning
2. controls muscle contractions and gland secretions

Question 3

sensory functioning

1. aka
2. function

Answer 3

1. afferent functioning
2. detection of body’s internal/external environment

Question 4

integrative functioning

1. aka
2. five functions

Answer 4

1. associative functioning
2. memory, emotion, interpretation of senses, logic, creativity

Question 5

central nervous system consists of what 2 things

Answer 5

1. brain
2. spinal cord

Question 6

peripheral nervous system consists of what 3 things

Answer 6

1. nerves
2. sensory receptors
3. sensory organs

Question 7

peripheral nervous system: motor

2 divisions

Answer 7

1. somatic nervous system
2. autonomic nervous system

Question 8

somatic nervous system

1. what wired to what
2. controls what

Answer 8

1. nerves wired to skeletal muscles (motor units)
2. controls voluntary skeletal muscle contractions

Question 9

autonomic nervous system

1. what wired to what 3 things
2. controls what 3 things

Answer 9

1. nerves wired to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands
2. controls involuntary smooth muscle and cardiac contractions, controls gland secretions

Question 10

peripheral nervous system: sensory

1. what wired to what 2 things
2. relay what to what

Answer 10

1. nerves wired to sensory receptors and sensory organs
2. relay sensory impulses to central nervous system

Question 11

2 main nervous system cell types

Answer 11

1. glial cells
2. neurons

Question 12

glial cells

1. aka
2. what are they

Answer 12

1. neuroglia
2. supporting cells that surround and maintain the environment around neurons

Question 13

6 types of glial cells

Answer 13

1. astrocytes
2. microglia
3. ependymal cells
4. oligodendrocytes
5. satellite cells
6. schwann cells

Question 14

astrocytes

1. most what
2. location
3. shape
4. function one
5. function two

Answer 14

1. most abundant type of nervous system cell
2. found in brain and spinal cord
3. star shaped
4. hold neurons in place
5. have extensions that wrap around capillaries of brain and spinal cord to help regulate which chemicals can cross from blood to brain and spinal cord

Question 15

microglia

Answer 15

immune cells in the brain and spinal cord

Question 16

ependymal cells

1. location
2. function

Answer 16

1. line the walls of the brain’s ventricles
2. continuously filter blood and produce new cerebrospinal fluid

Question 17

oligodendrocytes

1. location
2. function

Answer 17

1. found in brain and spinal cord
2. wrap around the axons of neurons forming a myelin sheath

Question 18

myelin sheath function

Answer 18

insulate and speed up conduction of electricity down the length of an axon

Question 19

satellite cells

1. just like what other cells
2. location

Answer 19

1. like astrocytes
2. found in peripheral nervous system

Question 20

schwann cells

1. just like what other cells
2. location
3. added function

Answer 20

1. like oligodendrocytes
2. found in peripheral nervous system
3. involved in repairing axons

Question 21

neurons are what

Answer 21

cells that generate and conduct electricity

Question 22

9 structures of a neuron

Answer 22

1. nucleus
2. cell body
3. dendrites
4. axon hillock
5. axon
6. axon terminal
7. synapse
8. post synoptic cell
9. nodes of ranvier

Question 23

dendrites function

Answer 23

receive signals that either activate or inhibit neuron

Question 24

axon function

Answer 24

conducts electricity down its length

Question 25

axon terminal function

Answer 25

stores and when electricity enters it, releases neurotransmitters in vesicles

Question 26

synapse

Answer 26

fluid outside the axon terminal where neurotransmitters are released

Question 27

post synoptic cell could be 1 of the 3 things

Answer 27

1. muscle cell 2. gland cell 3. another neuron

Question 28

nodes of ranvier

Answer 28

spaces between the myelin sheaths along the axon

Question 29

2 ways neurons are classified

Answer 29

1. structural classification 2. functional classification

Question 30

3 structural classifications of neurons

Answer 30

1. multipolar neurons 2. bipolar neurons 3. unipolar neurons

Question 31

multipolar neurons 1. most what 2. what is it

Answer 31

1. most common type 2. multiple dendrites attached directly to the cell body

Question 32

bipolar neurons are what

Answer 32

one dendrite attached directly to the cell body

Question 33

unipolar neurons are what

Answer 33

cell body w/ only an axon attached

Question 34

functional classification of motor neurons 1. wired to what 2 things 2. type of structure 3. controls what 2 things

Answer 34

1. wired to skeletal muscles and glands 2. multipolar 3. controls muscle contractions and gland secretions

Question 35

functional classification of sensory neurons 1. type of structure 2. do what

Answer 35

1. any of 3 structural types 2. relay impulses from sensory receptors to brain and or spinal cord

Question 36

functional classification of integrative neurons 1. type of structure 2. found in what 2 places

Answer 36

1. multipolar 2. found in brain and spinal cord

Question 37

2 types of nervous tissue and what they are made of what do they both have in common

Answer 37

1. white matter: myelinated axons 2. gray matter: dendrites, cell bodies, unmyelinated axons both types have neuroglia

Question 38

electricity is what

Answer 38

movement of charged particles (sodium ions in humans) through an object

Question 39

ion channels

Answer 39

proteins in plasma membrane of cell that allow a specific ion to pass in or out of the cell

Question 40

3 classes of ion channels in neurons

Answer 40

1. ligand-gated 2. mechanically-gated 3 voltage-gated

Question 41

ligand-gated ion channels open when what is a ligand

Answer 41

open in response to binding of a specific ligand ligand is a chemical that binds to a protein (a neurotransmitter, a hormone or a drug)

Question 42

mechanically-gated ion channels open when

Answer 42

open in response to pressure or stretch

Question 43

voltage-gated ions open when

Answer 43

open in response to a specific voltage surrounding the channel

Question 44

neuron's resting membrane potential

Answer 44

the electrical charge in neurons when they aren't conducting electricity = -70 millivolts

Question 45

when a neuron is at rest 1. what ion is more abundant outside of it 2. what ion is more abundant inside of it

Answer 45

1. more sodium outside 2. more potassium inside

Question 46

main cation inside and outside of neurons

Answer 46

inside= potassium outside= sodium

Question 47

5 stages of action potential

Answer 47

1. resting membrane potential of neuron/cell of -70mv 2. threshold for action potential to occur is -55mv 3. depolarization caused by sodium entering cell spikes charge to +30mv 4. repolarization caused by potassium leaving cell drops charge down to below -70mv 5. hyperpolarization when the cell's charge is below -70mv but quickly corrected back to -70mv by moving sodium out of cell and potassium back in

Question 48

depolarization

Answer 48

when a neuron/cell becomes less negative and then eventually positive because ion channels open and sodium enters the neuron/cell

Question 49

repolarization

Answer 49

when a neuron/cell beomes more negative because ion channels open and potassium exits the neuron/cell

Question 50

hyperpolarization

Answer 50

when a neuron/cell after repolarization actually gets more negative than resting membrane potential, but this is corrected quickly

Question 51

after neurotransmitter molecules are released into the synapse they can diffuse across what then bind to and activate what

Answer 51

diffuse across synapse then bind to and activate neurotransmitter receptors on the post synaptic cells

Question 52

when the post synaptic cell a neurotransmitter activates is a muscle cell what is triggered

Answer 52

muscle cell contraction or relaxation

Question 53

when the post synaptic cell a neurotransmitter activates is a gland what is triggered

Answer 53

secretion or inhibition of secretion

Question 54

when the post synaptic cell a neurotransmitter binds to is a neuron the neurotransmitter receptor would be a what kind of gated channel and trigger what 2 possible outcomes

Answer 54

the neurotransmitter receptor would be a ligand-gated ion channel and trigger either depolarization (activation) or hyperpolarization (inhibition)

Question 55

after neurotransmitter molecules are released into the synapse they can diffuse out of what and then be taken up by what

Answer 55

diffuse out of synapse then taken up by neuroglia

Question 56

after neurotransmitter molecules are released into the synapse some synapses have what that break them down and remove them to prevent what

Answer 56

some synapses have enzymes that break down the neurotransmitter molecules and remove them from the synapse to prevent the post synaptic cell from being overstimulated

Question 57

after neurotransmitter molecules are released into the synapse some what have channels or pumps that move them back into where for what 2 reasons

Answer 57

some axon terminals have channels or pumps that move the neurotransmitter molecules back into the axon terminal to be reused and prevent the post synaptic cell from being overstimulated

Question 58

some drugs can act on the nervous system/neurons by mimicking what by binding to and activating what give example

Answer 58

mimic a neurotransmitter by binding to and activating neurotransmitter receptors EX: opioids mimic endorphin

Question 59

some drugs can act on the nervous system/neurons by binding to and blocking what give example

Answer 59

bind to and block neurotransmitter receptors from being activated EX: narcan blocks endorphin receptors

Question 60

some drugs can act on the nervous system/neurons by blocking what from breaking down what

Answer 60

block synapse enzymes from breaking down the neurotransmitters molecules

Question 61

some drugs can act on the nervous system/neurons by blocking what from moving neurotransmitter molecules where these are know as what give example

Answer 61

block axon terminal channels/pumps from moving neurotransmitter molecules back into the axon terminal known as reuptake inhibitors EX: prozac blocks the reuptake of serotonin

Question 62

neurogenesis is what

Answer 62

formation of new neurons that only occurs during development in adults it only occurs in olfactory neurons

Question 63

neuroregeneration is what

Answer 63

repair of damaged axons of the peripheral nervous system

Question 64

2 steps of how neuroregeneration works

Answer 64

1. immune cells break down the axon downstream of the damage site 2. schwann cells/myelin sheath remain intact and guide the regrowth of the axon