A&P 1 > tissues > Flashcards

tissues Flashcards

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1
Q

histology

A

study of tissues

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2
Q

4 types of tissues

A
  1. epithelial
  2. connective
  3. muscular
  4. nervous
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3
Q

4 places epithelial tissue is located

A
  1. on the surface of organs
  2. lining organ cavities
  3. lining body cavities
  4. deep w/in glands
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4
Q

4 facts about epithelial tissue

A
  1. avascular (it doesn’t have blood vessels)
  2. innervated (wired to nerves/contains sensory receptors)
  3. it has the potential to regenerate
  4. its classified based on the number of cell layers and cell shape
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5
Q

4 types of epithelial tissue layers

A
  1. simple epithelium
  2. stratified epithelium
  3. pseudostratified epithelium
  4. transitional
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6
Q

simple epithelium

A

a single layer of cells where the nuclei of each cell line up w/ each other

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7
Q

stratified epithelium

A

multiple layers of cells

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8
Q

pseudostratified epithelium

A

a single layer of cells where the nuclei of each cell do not line up w/ each other giving it the appearance of being stratified

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9
Q

describe transitional epithelium and where is it found

A

stratified epithelium that ranges from squamos to cuboidal to columnar

in the lining of bladder, ureters and top portion of urethra

when those organs are filled w/ urine the epithelium is stretched thin becoming like stratified squamos

when those organs are empty the epithelium is less stretched becoming more like stratified cuboidal and columnar

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10
Q

3 types of epithelial tissue shapes and what they look like

A
  1. squamos cells-flat
  2. cuboidal cell-cube shaped
  3. columnar-column shaped
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11
Q

8 classifications of epithelial tissue

A
  1. simple squamos epithelium
  2. simple cuboidal epithelium
  3. simple columnar epithelium
  4. stratified sqaumos epithelium
  5. stratified cuboidal epithelium
  6. stratified columnar epithelium
  7. pseudostratified columnar epithelium
  8. transitional epithelium
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12
Q

simple squamos epithelium is found mainly in what 3 areas and has what kind of texture

A

in the walls of alveoli, on the surface of many internal organs and lining inside of blood vessels

texture is slick to reduce friction

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13
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium is found mainly where and what are its 2 functions

A

in the walls of kidney tubules

filter blood and form urine

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14
Q

simple columnar epithelium is found mainly in what 3 areas

A

lining most of the digestive tract, fallopian tubes and uterus

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15
Q

stratified squamos epithelium is found in what 7 areas and serves what purpose

A

found in epidermis, moist lining for nasal cavity/mouth/air ways/vagina/urethra/anus

serves as a protective lining or covering

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16
Q

stratified cuboidal epithelium is found where

A

very rare in body, found in ducts of some glands

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17
Q

stratified columnar epithelium is found where

A

very rare, in ducts of some glands

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18
Q

pseudostratified columnar epithelium is mainly found in what 2 areas

A

lines trachea, in testes

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19
Q

11 types of connective tissue

A
  1. areolar tissue
  2. adipose tissue
  3. reticular tissue
  4. dense irregular tissue
  5. dense irregular tissue
  6. elastic tissue
  7. hyaline cartilage
  8. fibrocartilage
  9. elastic cartilage
  10. bone tissue
  11. blood
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20
Q

4 facts about connective tissue

A
  1. most abundant type of tissue in the body
  2. its vascular (w/ the exception of cartilage and dense regular and irregular connective tissue)
  3. its innervated (w/ the exception of cartilage)
  4. has the potential to regenerate (w/ the exception of cartilage)
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21
Q

2 structural components of connective tissue

A
  1. connective tissue cells
  2. connective tissue matrix
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22
Q

2 types of connective tissue cells and what they are

A
  1. ones that end in the suffix “blast” are immature cells that produce new connective tissue matrix
  2. ones that end in “cyte” are gown up “blast” that became trapped in their own matrix and now maintain it
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23
Q

connective tissue matrix is what and made-up of what two things

A

it is extracellular material made-up of matrix ground subtance and matrix protien fibers

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24
Q

what is ground subtance

A

fluid, gel or crystals of the connective tissue matrix (only crystal in bones)

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25
what role do protein fibers play in the connective tissue matrix
give rise to the connective tissue's physical characteristics
26
3 types of protein fibers in the connective tissue matrix
1. collagen protein fibers 2. elsatic protein fibers "elastin" 3. reticular protein fibers
27
2 facts about collagen protein fibers
1. its the most abundant protien fiber in the body 2. it allows connective tissue to bend but not stretch by forming microscopic ropes
28
describe elastic protein fibers
they are protein fibers that can bend, stretch and recoil after being stretched (like a bungy cord)
29
how are reticular protein fibers arranged and what's their function
they're like a fishing net that functions to filter out material flowing through the tissue
30
areolar connective tissue 1. matrix ground substance 2. three matrix protein fibers 3. cells 4. location 5. function
1. matrix ground substance: liquid 2. matrix protein fibers: collagen protein fibers, elastic protein fibers, reticular protein fibers 3. cells: fibroblasts/fibrocytes 4. location: found beneath epitheal tissue 5. function: bind epitheal tissue to organs
31
adipose connective tissue "fat tissue" 1. matrix ground subtance 2. three matrix protein fibers 3. cells 4. two locations 5. function
1. matrix ground substance: fluid 2. matrix protein fibers: collagen protein fibers, elastic protein fibers and reticular protein fibers 3. cells: mostly adipoblasts/adipocytes 4. location: hypodermis and surrounding some internal organs (heart, liver, kidneys) 5. function: cushion the body, insulate heat and store lipids
32
reticular connective tissue 1. matrix ground subtance 2. matrix protein fibers 3. cells 4. location 5. function
1. matrix ground subtance: liquid 2. matrix protein fibers: reticular protein fibers 3. fibroblasts/fibrocytes 4. location: lymphatic organs (bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes) 5. function: filtration
33
dense regular connective tissue 1. matrix ground substance 2. matrix protein fibers and arranged how 3. cells 4. two locations
1. matrix ground substance: little ground substance 2. matrix protein fibers: collagen protein fibers in parallel lines 3. cells: fibroblasts/fibrocytes 4. location: tendons and ligaments
34
dense irregular connective tissue 1. matrix ground substance 2. matrix protein fibers and arranged how 3. cells 4. two locations
1. matrix ground substance: little ground substance 2. matrix protein fibers: collagen protein fibers randomly arranged 3. cells: fibroblasts/fibrocytes 4. location: dermis and synovial joint capsules
35
elastic connective tissue 1. matrix ground substance 2. matrix protein fibers 3. cells 4. two locations
1. matrix ground substance: little ground substance 2. matrix protein fibers: elastic protein fibers 3. cells: fibroblasts/fibrocytes 4. location: walls of alveoli and arteries
36
hyaline cartilage 1. matrix ground substance 2. matrix protein fibers 3. cells 4. six locations
1. matrix ground substance: gel 2. matrix protein fibers: collagen protein fibers 3. cells: chondroblasts/chondrocytes 4. location: nose, larynx, trachea, large airways of lungs, on the ends of long bones, between ribs and sternum
37
fibrocartilage 1. matrix ground substance 2. matrix protein fibers 3. cells 4. two locations 5. function
1. matrix ground substance: gel 2. matrix protein fibers: more collagen protein fibers than hyaline cartilage 3. cells: chondroblasts/chondrocytes 4. location: intervertebral discs and menisci 5. function: shock absorbtion
38
elastic cartilage 1. matrix ground substance 2. two matrix protein fibers 3. cells 4. two locations
1. matrix ground subtsnace: gel 2. matrix protein fibers: collagen protein fibers and elastic protein fibers 3. cells: chondroblasts/chondrocytes 4. location: ear and epiglottis
39
bone tissue 1. matrix ground substance 2. matrix protein fibers 3. cells
1. crystal matrix 2. collagen protein fibers 3. osteoblasts/osteocytes
40
4 facts about muscular tissue
1. its vascular 2. its innervated 3. doesn't regenerate well 4. contracts upon electrical stimulations
41
3 types of muscle tissue and their locations
1. skeletal muscle-attached to the skeleton 2. cardiac muscle-in the heart 3. smooth muscle-in the walls of hollow organs (digestive tract, urinary tract, uterus, blood vessels)
42
skeletal muscle cells description
orderly, long, cylindrical, striated, multinucleated run in parallel lines to one another
43
cardiac muscle cells description
orderly, striated, branching, uninucleated fit together at junctions called intercalated discs
44
smooth muscle cell description
cells overlap one another at right angles
45
3 facts about nervous tissue
1. can regenerate under certain conditions in the nerves 2. generates and conducts electricity 3. controls messages between brain and parts of the body
46
nervous tissue description
different from all other body cells weird shaped nucleus-containing body and their cytoplasm is drawn out into long strings
47
epidermis is what and made of what
superficial layer of skin made of about 50 layers of stratified aquamous epithelium
48
3 main cell types in the epidermis
1. keratinocytes 2. basal cells 3. melanocytes
49
keratinocytes 1. are the most what 2. filled with what 3. bound together via what 2 means 4. release what
most abundant cell type in the epidermis filled w/ a cytoskeletal protein called keratin cells are bound together via tight junctions and desmosomes release vesicles filled w/ lipids via exocytosis
50
basal cells 1. located where 2. continuosly do what 3. do what to the epidermis
1. at the very bottom of the epidermis 2. continuously divide to produce a new basal cell and a new keratinocyte cell 3. regenerate the epidermis
51
melanocytes 1. located where 2. produce what 3. release what 4. what happens to what it releases
1. in deep layers of epidermis 2. produce the protein melanin 3. release vesicles filled w/ melanin via exocytosis 4. melanin is then taken up by keratinocytes
52
what's a callous and how is it caused
a thickening of the epidermis caused by friction which stimulates basal cells to divide faster
53
what is eczema
any kind of skin inflammation
54
psoriasis
a condition where the immune system attacks and kills keratinocytes prematurely
55
dandruff
fungal infection of epidermis of scalp which kills keratinocytes prematurely
56
dermis is what and contains what 5 things
middle layer of skin containing 1. blood vessels 2. nerves 3. sensory receptors 4. hair follicles 5. bodies of skin glands
57
2 regions of dermis
papillary region reticular region
58
papillary region 1. location 2. made of 3. function 4. very large where
1. upper region of dermis 2. areolar connective tissue 3. it binds the epidermis to the dermis via dermal papillae 4. large in palms of hands and soles of feet giving rise to prints
59
reticular region 1. location 2. made of 3. function 4. what happens when its torn
1. below papillary region 2. dense irregular tissue 3, provides skin w/ toughness 4. scar tissue forms stretch marks
60
hypodermis 1. location 2. made of 3. function 4. thickest where
1. bottom layer of skin 2. adipose connective tissue (where most of the body's adipose tissue is located) 3. cushions body, insulates heat and stores lipids 4. butt and breast skin
61
3 pigmnets that determine skin color
melanin hemoglobin carotene
62
hemoglobin
red color protien in blood that gives skin its reddish color by flowing through see-through walls in capillaries in the dermis and hypodermis
63
carotene
type of vitamin A stored in skin it is orange-yellowish giving skin that hue comes from orange-yellowish vegetables
64
suntans are caused how
UV exposure stimulating melanocytes to produce and release more melanin
65
freckles
patches of skin where melanocytes produce more melanin
66
moles
like freckles but have more melanin causing them to have a raised surface
67
albinism
genetic condition where melanocytes can't produce melanin
68
vitiligo
autoimmune condition where the immune system attacks and kills melanocytes
69
hair is made of what and list 6 of it's functions
made of dead keratinocytes 1. sense of touch 2. sun protection 3. protects eyes from debris 4. keeps head warm 5. eyebrows give rise to facial expressions 6. prevents chaffing on scrotum
70
hair follicle
sheath that surrounds the hair root and holds it in the skin
71
hair matrix 1. location 2. made of what 2 things 3. function
1. bottom of hair follicle 2. basal cells and melanocytes 3. its where keratinocytes are made to grow hair
72
hair root plexus
nerve that wraps around the hair root and acticates touch sensation when the hair moves
73
dark or brown hair is caused by what
dark melanin and/or high amount of melanin
74
blond hair is caused by
bown melanin and pheomelanin (red color variety of melanin)
75
red hair is caused by
pheomelanin
76
grey hair is caused by
mix of white hair and colored hair
77
white hair is caused by
no melanin
78
what is the typical life span for a hair in the scalp
2 to 6 years
79
areolar connective tissue 1. matrix ground substance 2. three matrix protein fibers 3. cells 4. location 5. function
1. matrix ground substance: liquid 2. matrix protein fibers: collagen protein fibers, elastic protein fibers, reticular protein fibers 3. cells: fibroblasts/fibrocytes 4. location: found beneath epitheal tissue 5. function: bind epitheal tissue to organs
80
adipose connective tissue "fat tissue" 1. matrix ground subtance 2. three matrix protein fibers 3. cells 4. two locations 5. function
1. matrix ground substance: fluid 2. matrix protein fibers: collagen protein fibers, elastic protein fibers and reticular protein fibers 3. cells: mostly adipoblasts/adipocytes 4. location: hypodermis and surrounding some internal organs (heart, liver, kidneys) 5. function: cushion the body, insulate heat and store lipids
81
dense regular connective tissue 1. matrix ground substance 2. matrix protein fibers and arranged how 3. cells 4. two locations
1. matrix ground substance: little ground substance 2. matrix protein fibers: collagen protein fibers in parallel lines 3. cells: fibroblasts/fibrocytes 4. location: tendons and ligaments
82
dense irregular connective tissue 1. matrix ground substance 2. matrix protein fibers and arranged how 3. cells 4. two locations
1. matrix ground substance: little ground substance 2. matrix protein fibers: collagen protein fibers randomly arranged 3. cells: fibroblasts/fibrocytes 4. location: dermis and synovial joint capsules
83
hyaline cartilage 1. matrix ground substance 2. matrix protein fibers 3. cells 4. six locations
1. matrix ground substance: gel 2. matrix protein fibers: collagen protein fibers 3. cells: chondroblasts/chondrocytes 4. location: nose, larynx, trachea, large airways of lungs, on the ends of long bones, between ribs and sternum
84
simple squamos epithelium is found mainly in what 3 areas and has what kind of texture
in the walls of alveoli, on the surface of many internal organs and lining inside of blood vessels texture is slick to reduce friction
85
simple cuboidal epithelium is found mainly where and what are its 2 functions
in the walls of kidney tubules filter blood and form urine
86
simple columnar epithelium is found mainly in what 3 areas
lining most of the digestive tract, fallopian tubes and uterus
87
stratified squamos epithelium is found in what 7 areas and serves what purpose
found in epidermis, moist lining for nasal cavity/mouth/air ways/vagina/urethra/anus serves as a protective lining or covering
88
pseudostratified columnar epithelium is mainly found in what 2 areas
lines trachea, in testes
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