L8

Question 1

which 2 responses is given from mast cells?

Answer 1

immediate response: degranulation
long-term response: synthesis

Question 2

mast cells involved in which 2 reactions?

Answer 2

helminth infections and allergic reaction

Question 3

what is optimal immunity?

Answer 3

sufficient to combact pathogens

Question 4

what is innate immunity

Answer 4

distinguish self/ non-self microbes by the use of pattern recognition receptor system(e.g. PAMPs)

early and rapid protection

Question 5

what is adaptive immunity

Answer 5

develop antibodies and memory

first, delayed; second: immediate

Question 6

examples of active immunity

Answer 6

infection
vaccination

long lasting

Question 7

examples of passive immunity

Answer 7

IgG are transferred from mother to baby via placenta
breast milk
immune globulin

immediate but lasts for few weeks

Question 8

cardial symptoms of inflammation

Answer 8

redness, swelling, heat, pain,loss of function, malaise, increase in WBC, increaase heart rate

Question 9

3 process in inflammation

Answer 9

the release of inflammatory mediators
vascular response
cellular response(recruit the WBC into the blood)

Question 10

main inflammatory mediators

Answer 10

histamines, prostagladins, pro-inflammatory cytokines(e.g. IL-1,IL-6,TNF)

Question 11

effects of histamines

Answer 11

dilate small blood vessels
increase the permeability of capillaries

Question 11

what is the functions of cytokines

Answer 11

attracting/ producing neutrophils
stimulate phagocytosis
cause fever

Question 12

effects of prostaglandins

Answer 12

cause pain and vasodilation

Question 13

why inflammation will cause blood clot

Answer 13

fluid moves out from the vessels
increased the concentration of blood constitudent
increase in viscosity
stagnation of flow
blood clot

Question 14

what is bradykinins

Answer 14

one of the inflammatory mediators
vasodilation and increased the permeability and
pain

Question 15

what is the component of exudate

Answer 15

cell debris, bacteria and immune cells

Question 16

which 3 WBCs will recruite to the site of inflammation

Answer 16

neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages

Question 17

what is the function of leukotrients

Answer 17

attracts the leukocytes
increase the permeability of capillaries

Question 18

3 classess of prostanoids

Answer 18

PGI2, prostaglandins, TXA2

Question 19

what is the function of PGI2

Answer 19

vasodilation, inhibit the platelets aggregation

Question 20

what is the function of TXA2

Answer 20

pletelets aggregation

Question 21

where can find COX-1 and COX-2

Answer 21

COX-1: most tissues
COX-2: sites of inflammation(inducible)

Question 22

what side effects can cause by NSAIDs?

Answer 22

nephrotoxic, bronchospasm,risk of bleeding, fluid retention(edema), risk of thrombotic events, anaphylactic shock (過敏性休克）

Question 23

if aspirin is prescribed to children with aged smaller than 12 years old, what will it happen?

Answer 23

Reye’s syndrome

Question 24

4 types of hypersensitivity

Answer 24

Type I,II,III,IV (allergic anaphylaxis, antibody, immune complex, delayed)

Question 25

what is alloimmunity?

Answer 25

antigens produced by members of same species 同一物種但其他人的抗原 | type II hypersensitivity

Question 26

what is the mechanism of allergy?

Answer 26

B cells produced IgE IgE combines to the antigens on mast cells mast cells become sensitized mast cell occur degranulation when exposed to the allergens again release histamines

Question 27

what is the treatment for allergy

Answer 27

epinephrine(adrenaline: increase B.P. antihistamine( adjunctive to epinephrine)

Question 28

why allergy cause vasodilation

Answer 28

histamine is produced histamine binds with H1 receptor smooth muscles relax vasodilation

Question 29

how to give the allergens gradually for desentization

Answer 29

subcutaneous

Question 30

what is the mechanism of desentization

Answer 30

increase the production of IgG IgG combines to allergens, instead of IgE similar to 'neutralization' prevent the degranulation of mast cells

Question 31

what is transfusion complication

Answer 31

acute haemolytic reaction (-->haemoglobiuria) febrile non-haemolytic reaction allergic reaction circulatory overload bacterial contamination disease acquisition疾病獲得

Question 32

Can a person with Rh+ blood receive Rh- blood?

Answer 32

yes

Question 33

anti-Rh antibodies same as IgG?

Answer 33

yes | Anti-Rh antibodies can pass through the placenta

Question 34

what is the health problems to the fates with Rh- antibodies if the mother is Rh+?

Answer 34

haemolytic anaemia

Question 35

4 classess of transplant rejection

Answer 35

hyperacute rejection, acute cellular rejection, acute vascular rejection, chronic allograft failure

Question 36

examples of type III hypersensitivity

Answer 36

systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) Rheumatoid arthritis lupus nephritis(kidney)

Question 37

most susceptibility sites of occuring type III hypersensitivity

Answer 37

joints and kidney

Question 38

two major cells cause the damage of type III hypersensitivity

Answer 38

platelets and neutrophils(lysosomal enzymes)

Question 39

name of immune complex in SLE

Answer 39

anti-DNA-DNA immune complex

Question 40

How the immune complex in SLE cause the damage to kidney?

Answer 40

the complex contains DNA high affinity to bind with the basement membrane of glomerulus deposit inflammation damage to kidney

Question 41

why UV light will worsen the symptoms of SLE?

Answer 41

UV light will damage the skin cells necrosis of cells release more DNA generate more autoantibodies

Question 42

what is haemoglobinuria

Answer 42

RBC ruptures haemoglobin release kidney cannot filtrate completely some of the haemoglobin present in urine

Question 43

4 clinical manifestation of SLE

Answer 43

butterfly rash photosensitivity proteinuria hemolytic anemia

Question 44

which two cells in response to the type IV hypersensitivity?

Answer 44

macrophages and T cells

Question 45

examples of type IV hypersensitivity

Answer 45

allergic contact dermatitis | treatment: corticosteroid (reduce inflammation and activity of T cells)

Question 46

two ways of attacking cells in type IV hypersensitivity

Answer 46

CD 8+ cells: directly kill the cells CD 4+ cells (+ macrophages): release cytokines -->inflammation

Question 47

type I hypersensitivity can be classified as the autoimmune disease?

Answer 47

NO -->IgE give the immediate allergic response

Question 48

examples of autoimmune disease

Answer 48

type 1 DM Rheumatoid arthritis multiple sclerosis(MS) myasthenia gravis(MG)

Question 49

what is myasthenia gravis(MG)

Answer 49

fatigable muscle weakness | 肌肉好易攰、越用越冇力

Question 50

what will HIV do to cells?

Answer 50

directly attack T cells

Question 51

the function of immunoglobins respectively

Answer 51

IgG: cross the placenta IgM: appears when early infection IgA: on the mucosal surface IgE: allergic reaction IgD: found on the surface of B cells | IgG & IgM: circulate in body fluid (neutralize the toxins & opsonization

Question 52

3 categories of immunodeficiency

Answer 52

B cell-mediated immunodeficiency disorders T cell-mediated immunodeficiency disorders combined

Question 52

explain the T cell-mediated immunodeficiency disorders

Answer 52

defective expression of T cell receptor -->unable to recognize the antigens defective cytokines production -->inactivate the T cells

Question 53

general presentation of primary immunodeficiency disorders

Answer 53

hard to treat infection opportunistic infections higher risks for development of malignancy frequent and reoccur the inflammation and infection delayed growth

Question 54

medical management of PIDDs

Answer 54

prophylactic drug treatment treatment to boost the immune system bone marrow transplantation

Question 55

3 treatment to boost the immune system

Answer 55

immunoglobulin therapy(IVIG/SCIG) interferon-gamma therapy growth factors

Question 56

how does the interferon-gamma therapy works?

Answer 56

interferon-gamma: synthetic subs. promote phagocytosis treat for chronic granulomatous disease (weaken ability of killing microorganisms)

Question 56

how does the growth factor works?

Answer 56

help proliferation and maturation of WBCs

Question 57

how to show IVIG is an immuno-modulating agents

Answer 57

saturation of Fc receptor on macrophages suppression of inflammatory mediators suppression of idiotypic antibodies(=self attack cells)