what is GLP-1
incretin hormones
rapid destruction by DPP-4
effect of GLP-1
induces satiety
slower gastric emptying
suppress the glucagon release
acute complication of Type 1 DM
DKA
diabetic ketoacidosis
normal range of glucose level
HbA1C: < 5.7 %
OGTT: < 7.8 mmol/L
fasting: <5.7 mmol/L
level of glucose level for diabetes patient
HbA1C: > 6.5 % or higher
OGTT:≥11.1 mmol/L
fasting: ≥7.0 mmol/L
random plasma glucose test: ≥11.1 mmol/L
type 1 DM symptoms
weight loss
polyuria
polydipsia
unexplained tireness
type 2 DM symptoms
polydipsia
polyuria
weight gain
increased thirst
symptoms of DKA
Kussmaul respiration(rapid and shallowing breathing)
fruity breath (acetone)
nausea and vomiting
symptoms of HHS
severe dehydration
polyuria
gradual onset
why glycation cause inflammation?
hyperglycaemia.
Glucose binds to protein and lipid.
AGE forms
it induces oxidative stress and trigger inflammation
mechanism of sulfonylureas
- stimulation of insulin release from the beta cells by blocking the ATP-sensitive K+ channels, resulting in depolarization and Ca2+ reflux
- reduction of serum glucagon levels
- increase the binding of insulin to target tissues
mechanism of SGLT-2 inhibitors
- inhibit the proximal renal tubular sodium-glucose cotransporter 2
- reduce the reabsorption of glucose
- lower renal threshold for glucose
- increase excretion of glucose in urine
what is the function of posterior pituitay glands?
stores and release 2 hormones(ADH &oxitoxin) made in hypothalamus
2 growth hormones disorder
gigantism
acromegaly
effects of goitor
compress the esophagus and trachea: cough difficulties, inspiratory stridor
compress the superior vena cava: poor circulation–> syncope with coughing
examples of anti-thyroid agents
Carbimazole(CMZ)
propylthiouracil(PTU)
what is the function of PTH
stimulates the osteoclasts to release calcium in blood
increase the calcium reabsorption in kidneys
enhances the calcium absorption by activating vitamin D in intestines
main hormones in glucocorticoids
cortisols
