language

Question 1

what is orthography

Answer 1

the study of word letters and word spelling

Question 2

What is phonology

Answer 2

the study of sounds of words and parts of words

Question 3

what is semantics

Answer 3

Meaning conveyed by words, phrases and sentences

Question 4

what is lexicon

Answer 4

the vocabulary and knowledge of a language. e.g., Vocabulary of a person

Question 5

what is prosody

Answer 5

the rhythm, stress, and intonation of speech — provides important information beyond a sentence’s literal word meaning.

Question 6

syntax

Answer 6

the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.

Question 7

what is morphology

Answer 7

the study of the internal structure of words.

Question 8

what is discourse

Answer 8

refers to the areas of written, spoken, and signed communication, whether formal (debate) or informal (conversation).

Question 9

what type of system is language

Answer 9

Complex system. Has many levels of analysis.
for example : structure, grammar , semantics
and mediums of transmission

Question 10

Give an example of language change

Answer 10

Shakespeare :1,700 words to the English language because he was the first author to write them down​

‘Elbow room’ (King John), ‘heart of gold’ (Henry V)
grammar
word use
pronunication is different

Question 11

describe the evolution of the word ‘gay’

Answer 11

12th century- carefree cheerful. ​

1875- negative connotations – flipped . Prostitution.​

1934- positive fashion​

2000+ - preference.

Question 12

Descriptive Grammar​ and traditional grammar

Answer 12

Descriptive Grammar​

Describe grammatical construction used in language​

Traditional Grammar​

‘tradition’ as in Greek and Roman grammariase​

Question 13

Pedagogical Grammar​

Answer 13

used for foreign (or own) language teaching​

Question 14

Perspriptive Grammar

Answer 14

lays down rules for socially correct use of grammar

Question 15

theoretical grammar

Answer 15

are there ‘universals’ in human language

Question 16

Reference Grammar​

Answer 16

comprehensive description of grammar for researchers​

Question 17

what is prescriptivism

Answer 17

Joseph Priestley (1761): ​
“The custom of speaking is the original and only just standard of any language”​

1950s in Iran > Nancy Mitford​

Sociolite determined class/social in an essay called “U or non-U”​

Vocabulary (do you eat vegetables or greens)​

Grammar (do you have a bath or take a bath)​

Accent (do you say /mi mum/ or /mai mam/)​

See also: posh or not?

Question 18

what is the syntactic structure in english

Answer 18

svo-Even if we manipulate word order it is comprehensible or if we provide something more

Question 19

What is the direct mapping or iconic relationship view of word meaning?

Answer 19

Words directly correspond to objects in the real world

Question 20

How does the symbolic (conceptual) view explain word meaning?

Answer 20

Words represent concepts in the mind, and these concepts relate to objects in the real world.

Meaning arises indirectly:
→ Word → Concept → Object.

Question 21

What is the behaviourist view of word meaning according to Skinner?

Answer 21

Meaning = learned verbal behavior.

Words are verbal responses evoked by stimuli and reinforced through experience.

Relationship is indirect:
→ Stimulus (e.g., sight of a snake) → Response (fear) → Word (“snake”).

Over time, the word becomes associated with the stimulus and response.

Question 22

why is semantics flexible

Answer 22

The same words mean very different things and We can understand the meaning due to prior knowledge even if we have not heard the word before.