cognition and brain > Untitled Deck > Flashcards

Untitled Deck Flashcards

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1
Q

What is cognitive psychology?

A

Understanding human cognition through observation of behaviour during cognitive tasks.

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2
Q

What is cognitive neuropsychology?

A

Study of brain-damaged patients to understand human cognition.

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3
Q

What is cognitive neuroscience?

A

Using behaviour and the brain to understand human cognition.

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4
Q

What is computational cognitive science?

A

Developing computational models (algorithms) to understand cognition.

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5
Q

What is the Stroop test?

A

An example of how cognitive psychologists investigate the human mind.

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6
Q

What do cognitivists believe about internal mental processes?

A

They are important to study.

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7
Q

What is the information-processing approach?

A

Based on the assumption that human processing resembles that of a computer.

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8
Q

What does ‘bottom up’ processing mean?

A

Processing directly influenced by environmental stimuli, emphasizing serial processing.

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9
Q

What does ‘top down’ processing mean?

A

Processing influenced by internal factors like knowledge and expectations.

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10
Q

What is parallel processing?

A

The idea that multiple processes can occur simultaneously.

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11
Q

What are the strengths of cognitive psychology?

A

First systematic scientific approach, theories adopted by other approaches, and flexibility.

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12
Q

What are the weaknesses of cognitive psychology?

A

Lack of ecological validity, indirect evidence, vague theories, paradigm specificity, and lack of overarching framework.

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13
Q

What is functional modularity?

A

Independent processing units/modules that respond to specific classes of stimuli.

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14
Q

What is anatomical modularity?

A

Each cognitive module is located in a specific brain region.

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15
Q

What is the universality assumption?

A

Cognitive functions are organized similarly across individuals.

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16
Q

What is subtractivity in cognitive neuropsychology?

A

Brain damage disrupts modules or connections, without developing new modules.

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17
Q

What are the four lobes of the brain?

A

Frontal lobe, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, and occipital lobe.

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18
Q

What is a single case study?

A

Study of one patient to question representativeness.

unique. Often those with rare damage or illness

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19
Q

What is a case-series study?

A

Study of several patients with similar symptoms to gather richer data.

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20
Q

What is correlational evidence?

A

Co-occurrence of cognitive deficits suggesting shared neural mechanisms.

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21
Q

What is single dissociation?

A

Indicates one task may be more difficult than another without modularity.

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22
Q

What is double dissociation?

A

Indicates separate modules underlie different tasks, providing evidence for functional independence.

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23
Q

What did Keane et al. (1995) demonstrate?

A

Double dissociation between visuo-perceptual priming and visual recognition memory.

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24
Q

What is cognitive neuroscience?

A

Combines techniques to study brain activity and cognition.

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25
What is single-unit recording?
micro-electrode is inserted in the brain to record the activity from one single electrode. Has high temporal and spatial resolution
26
What are the limitations of single-unit recording?
Highly invasive, requires surgery. Can damage cells along electrode path, expensive, to narrow to assess higher cognitive proccess.
27
What is EEG+ERP?
Records electrical activity in the scalp during repeated events. The brain waves are segmented and averaged. Good temporal resolution , and ERPS Provide continuous record of brain activity.
28
What are the limitations of EEG+ERP?
Limited spatial resolution and challenges in studying complex cognition.
29
What is PET?
PET uses water containing a radioactive tracer that emits positrons. When a brain region is active, blood (and thus the tracer) rushes to that area. The PET scanner detects the positrons emitted from the tracer. This allows measurement of regional brain activity. Strengths: Reasonable spatial resolution (ability to pinpoint where activity occurs), typically 5–10 mm
30
What are the limitations of PET?
Poor temporal resolution * Detects regional blood flow changes on the order of 30– 60 s ■ Invasive * The introduction of radioactive substances limits frequency of use
31
What is fMRI?
Non-invasive measure of brain activity with excellent spatial resolution.Event-related fMRI (efMRI): * Patterns of brain activity associated with specific events are compared
32
What are the limitations of fMRI?
Expensive, relatively poor temporal resolution, and indirect measures.
33
What is MEG?
Measures magnetic fields produced by brain activity with high temporal resolution.
34
What are the limitations of MEG?
Extremely expensive and requires uncomfortable body positions.
35
What is TMS?
TMS involves placing a coil next to the skull, which emits a brief magnetic pulse. The magnetic field disrupts brain activity in the underlying cortex (the brain area just beneath the skull). Repetitive TMS (rTMS) uses repeated pulses and can create a temporary ‘virtual lesion’ MS can only be applied to brain areas lying just beneath the skull and not to deeper structures or areas overlying muscle. Effects of TMS are complex and not fully understood; stimulation may also affect brain areas not directly targeted due to compensatory flexibility (other areas may compensate). Limited spatial resolution compared to imaging techniques.
36
What are the strengths of cognitive neuroscience?
Combination of techniques offers excellent spatial and/or temporal resolution ■ Provides rich information to add to behavioural measures ■ Helped to resolve many theoretical controversies ■ Meta-analyses of 10,000(+) studies have clarified brain–cognition relationships ■ Limitations of functional specialisation assumption have been identified
37
What are the limitations of cognitive neuroscience?
Findings often over-interpreted (“blobology’) – Brain activation is not direct evidence of cognitive processing (reverse inference) ■ “Neuroenchantment”: exaggerated respect for findings in cognitive neuroscience ■ Difficulty relating brain activation to cognitive processes ■ Studies often underpowered ■ False-positive findings are often reported Cognitive neuroscience
38
What is computational modeling?
Programming computers to mimic aspects of human cognitive functioning.
39
What is artificial intelligence?
Constructing computer systems that produce intelligent outcomes.
40
What are cognitive architectures?
Blueprints for developing cognitive systems specifying structures and interactions.
41
What are the strengths of computational modeling?
Precise theoretical assumptions and increased scope with empirical support.
42
What are the limitations of computational modeling?
Models may fail to generalize and can be complex and hard to understand.
43
What is the scientific method?
A structured approach to investigate complex questions through observation and experimentation.
44
What are the key components of the scientific method?
Observation, research questions, hypotheses, experimentation, data analysis, and reporting.
45
What is objectivity in research?
Minimizing bias to obtain objective data.
46
What is systematic understanding?
A logical framework for investigating complex questions.
47
What is self-correction in science?
Correcting errors and refining theories as new evidence emerges.
48
What is evidence-based practice?
Developing effective strategies based on strong ethics and evidence.
49
What is replicability in research?
Ensuring experiments can be reproduced.
50
How does the mind perceive reality?
Through specific senses that capture part of the reality.
51
What is the role of the occipital lobe?
Automatic interpretation of visual information.
52
What are the dorsal and ventral pathways?
Dorsal pathway (where) for spatial location and action; ventral pathway (what) for object characteristics.
53
What can automatic interpretation lead to?
Seeing objects that do not exist.
54
What is biased perception?
The need to challenge beliefs and understanding with objective methods.
55
what is the cntral sulcus
divides the frontal and parietsl lobe -groove of furrow in the surface of the brain
56
what is the gyrus
prominent elevated area of the brains surface
57
what is dorsal
towards the top
58
what is ventral
towards the bottom
59
what is rostral
towards the front of the brain
60
what is posterior
towards the back of the brain
61
what is lateral
side of the brain
62
medial
middle
63
what did brodmann do
produced a brain map based on differences in the distribition of cell type across cortical layers. He identified 52 areas
64
What principles did Bullmore and Sporns purpose for brain organisation
principle of cost control principle of efficiency
65
what is principle of cost control
refers to the use of energy and space would be limited if the brain was made of few long- connections
66
what is the principle of efficency
is the ability to integrate information across the brain.
67
how does the brain have complex topology
it has modertate cost control and efficiency.
68
how does our mind interpret the worlds around us
thrpugh the senses, such as environmental stimuli, processng and then making a consious representation
69
what does the retina do
marks the barrier between the mind and the electromagnetic world
70
what happens in the V1 area
responsible for lines
71
What areas of the brain are responsible for objects
V2 V4 Furisform face area
72
what is pattern recognition
causes people believe that they are seeing things that are not actually there
73
what does pattern detection also apply to
the expression on faces. This is automatic and can influence emotions
74
for perceptial input what does the mind use
rules . but we have knowledge and experience to modify how to mkae sense of things. Can lead to biased perception
75
to test the reality what do we need to do
experiment. so the scientific method is important
cognition and brain
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