learning - a

Question 1

defintion of learning

Answer 1

modification of behaviour to meet environmental requirements

gardner murphy

Question 2

intro to learning

Answer 2

• lifelong process
• shapes our personality
• actions are a byproduct of learning
• all changes of behaviour in a lifetime

Question 3

characteristics

Answer 3

• universal
• not in same manner
• process not product
• instincts not learned
• changes behaviour
• not always positive changes
• comprehensive
• purposeful and goal-oriented

Question 4

objectives

Answer 4

• changes in behaviour
• personality development
• attaining skills
• attaining proper adjustment
• realizing goals
• proper growth

Question 5

elaborate on imprinting

Answer 5

• strong connection or bond to the first moving object it responds to and the newborn
• innate
• safety mechanism
• strict time period : ducks 14 hours, lambs week, puppies 8-12 weeks

Question 6

imprinting theory

Answer 6

konrad lorenz

Question 7

schedules of reinforcement

Answer 7

fixed ratio
fixed interval
variable ratio
variable interval
continuos

Question 8

types of learning

Answer 8

• verbal
• motor
• conecpt
• paired associate
• problem solcing
• serial

very motha chota sa pp

Question 9

Factors influencing learning

Answer 9

• learner
• type of learning
• personal and material resources

Question 10

Learner (factors influencing learning)

Answer 10

• health
• readiness
• interest

Question 11

criticism of cc

Answer 11

• mechanical, learners role restricted
• organisms learn many roles without repition
• only sr connection cannot make all learning possible
• crticism - gestaltists - leaner uses intelligence to work towards goal, weel directed
• criticism - skinner - presence of stimulus not necessary, reward unishment is

Question 12

cc educational importance

Answer 12

• elementary things to children
• stimulus generalisation - using one concept(math) in other fields
• stimulus discrimination - different response to different situations
• cc used to justify/explain faulty behaviours
• remove bad habits
• help with phobias

Question 13

type of learning (factors influencing learning)

Answer 13

• nature
• methodology
• selecting suitable methods
• using multiple senses
• revision + practice
• feedback and reinforcement

Question 14

Personal and material resources (factors influencing learning)

Answer 14

• quality of teacher
• availability of approproate materials
• socio-emotional envi
• conducive envi for learning

Question 15

operant vs classical

Answer 15

active vs passive
no stimulus vs stimulus necessary
subject can change envi vs no control on envi
consequence has to be present vs no consequence

Question 16

components of oc

Answer 16

• shaping : building chain of responses
• chaining : taks broken into small steps
• generalisation : when to give reard punish
• discrimination : dealing with perception of similar stimuli

Question 17

components of cc

Answer 17

• extinction
• sudden recovery
• stimulus generalization
• stimulus discrimination

Question 18

what is punishment

Answer 18

• opp of reinforcemnt
• averive event that decreases associated behaviour
• unpleasant stimuls

Question 19

why punishment is wrong

Answer 19

• behaviour supresseed not forgotten
• aggression
• fear
• does not guide toward desired behaviour, way from undesired only

Question 20

trial and error intro

Answer 20

Learning takes place by trial and error
- selection of successful variant, discarding unsucessful
- associationism : mental activity - sensations and ideas which from connection with specific behaviour.
- random, repititive, mechanical responses
- bond theory / connectionism

Question 21

Trial and error keywords

Answer 21

• learning invloves trial and error
• selection and connection
• learning is result of connection
• incremential, not insightful
• direct process

Question 22

Thorndike’s laws of learning

Answer 22

**1) Law of effect : responses resulting in satisfaction, more likely to repeat
2) of exercise : role of practice in strengthening sr connection
3) of readiness : preparatory condition of body before learning
**4) multiple responses : several attempts to achieve goal
5) analogy : pst experiences to solve similar problems
6) attitude : of learner affects learning
7) Piecemeal activity : selecting imp/significant info out of all
8) associative shifting : when situation gives rise to particular response, aspects associted with the situation/stimulus give rise to simiolar response **

Question 23

criticisms of trial and error

Answer 23

• overemphassi to mechanical sr connection, ignoring intelligence
• errors not diminished completely because of learner mental state
• huge energy and time for learning
• not useful for complex activity
• criticised - tolman - not possible without reward
• criticised - gestaltists - cumulative not mere sr

Question 24

trial and error in education

Answer 24

• tremendous contribution
• role of reward sand punishment very popular
• effect of practice and repitition also popular
• trial and error imp for intial learning
• learning by doing best

Question 25

criticism of oc

Answer 25

- controlled conditions not natural - choosing proper reinforcer - ignores herdity - ignores creativity / intention of person

Question 26

oc importance in education

Answer 26

- socially accepted behaviour - classroom teaching - training - negative reinforcement better than punishment - shapes personality

Question 27

insight learning who

Answer 27

wolfgang kohler

Question 28

insight learning experiment

Answer 28

sultan - cimpanzee - boxes - sticks - bananas

Question 29

social learning who

Answer 29

albert bandura

Question 30

social learning experiment

Answer 30

bobo doll by ross and ross

Question 31

oc who

Answer 31

b f skinner

Question 32

oc experiment

Answer 32

skinner box - rat and pigeon

Question 33

cc who

Answer 33

Ivan PAvlov

Question 34

cc experiment

Answer 34

pavlov dog

Question 35

trial and error experiment

Answer 35

cat in a cage, multiple tries

Question 35

trial and error who

Answer 35

Edward thorndike

Question 36

social learning criticisms

Answer 36

- no emphasis on biological state - some -ve behavious developed through situations not observation - why good moral ethics not modelled?

Question 37

social learning educational

Answer 37

- students learn largely by observing - quickly, less mistakes - acquire new behaviours and rectify throgh modelling - versatile behaviours because of model - motivated through peer pressure ish in +ve way - realistic and practically oriented

Question 38

social learning includes

Answer 38

attention - paying attention to model (novelty, attractiveness, curiosity) retention - remebering what model did reproduction - having capacity to imitate motivation - to imitate behaviour (vicarous reinforcement - reward for behaving in a certain way)

Question 39

insight larning intro

Answer 39

- comes suddenyl after many strategies - perceptual arrangement - solution - aha moment

Question 40

insight learning criticism

Answer 40

- not all type of learning - partial pairing of sr and trial and error - individual differences - simple tasks ? - transfer of learning ? - whollistic doesnt always work - poem

Question 41

insight learning educational importance

Answer 41

- long lasting and effective - helps create syllabus, lesson plan and pedagogy - higher order cognitive abilities - maths, research, creative pursuits - rises interest, curiositu, and motivation - problem - solving - purposeful and goal oriented