memory

Question 1

define - memory

Answer 1

• by ryburn
• the power to store our experiences
• bring them into conciousness after the exp has occurred

Question 2

what is memory

Answer 2

• faculty of mind to store experiences / learning
• reproduce them at a later time
• good memory = ideal revival
• learning, recall, retention, recognition

Question 3

steps

Answer 3

• encoding
• storage
• retrieval

Question 4

encoding

Answer 4

• recieveing sensory inout
• turning it into coded
• processing of information

Question 5

storage

Answer 5

• putting coded information into memory
• retention of encoded material

Question 6

The information Processing theory was proposed by

Answer 6

Richard Atkinson, Richard Shiffrin

Question 6

retrieval

Answer 6

• gaining access to the stored, coded info needed
• getting info out of memory

Question 7

Information Processing theory suggests

Answer 7

• sensory inputs are held in sensory register
• the sensory register comprises of sensory channels (where it stays 3-4s)
• If the information is attended to, recognised or rehearsed, it moves to STM (15-20s)
• if information is rehersed again, moves to LTM

Question 8

Short Term Memory?

Answer 8

• 30s
• Serial poisition effect
• Primacy and recency effect
• chunking - helps increase capacity
• millers magic number : 7
• memory is rehersed moves to LTM

Question 9

millers magic number suggests

Answer 9

• STM can score 5 to 9 itmes on exposure at once
• 7+/-2

Question 10

sensory register

Answer 10

• storage function of sensory channels
• most lost or decays
• when recognised - goes to stm
• visual - 11-16 items in 1 s
• vision : iconic image (mental representations of visual memory )
• echoic - auditory - 4-5 seconfs
• haptic - tactual sensations - 2 s

Question 11

working memory

Answer 11

• cognitive organisation with limited capacity that temporarily holds information available for processing.
• mental note
• stm = working memory
• phonological loop (speech perception), visuospatial setch-pads (visuo-spatial info), episodic buffers (integrating info from working and ltm to create unified stm)

Question 12

chunking ?

Answer 12

• collecyion of basic units that have been grouped together and stored in memory
• retrieved easily due to coherent grouping
• improves working memory
• higher order cognitive representations of items within chunks
• 859 184 2160 instead of 8591842160

Question 13

serial position effect

Answer 13

• herman ebbinghaus
• primacy - things learnt first remebered better
• recency - things learnt last remebered better
• ads and website designers

Question 14

long term memory intro

Answer 14

• lifetime
• unlimited
• no distinguished boundary for visual
• permanent
• recollection complex
• forgetting rare
• forgetting when trouble accessing info
• forgetting : proactive inhibition (earlier memory interferes with remembering new), retroactive inhibition (newer memory interferes with remembering something old)

Question 15

other types of ltm

Answer 15

1) autobiographical - personal, self related, diary studies
2) flashbulb - sudden, unexpected emotion arousing ecents, high detailed, vivid snapshot, generally erroneuos because emotional
3) photographic - extraordinary faculty in remebring info with great details without practicing
4) eyewitness - crime scene/remarkable which is used as evidence in court

Question 15

procedural memory

Answer 15

• implicit
• how to perform certain work/procedures
• wuhtout concious attention since blueprint stored
• connection between synapses

Question 15

types of non-declarative memory

Answer 15

• procedural
• classical conditioning (associative)
• emotional responses (associative)
• habituation and sensitization (nonassociative)
• power of suggestion (priming)

Question 16

declarative memory and types

Answer 16

• long term storage of facts and events
• explicit
• intentional retrieval
• conciously recalled and declared
• episodic and semantic

Question 16

Episodic

Answer 16

• autobiographical events
  -with respect to when events which have happened in our lives
• no logical organisation
• record of what has happened to us
• vast colelctin of personal experiences

Question 17

semantic

Answer 17

• largest section
• most organised record of facts, concepts, meaning, ideas about external world
• makes our use of language possible
• possible to make logical inferences. clusters

Question 18

semantic vs episodic

Answer 18

• for general knowledge and facts vs specific events
• knowing awareness vs self knowing
• episodic comes with a senseof reliving the event (concious recollection)

Question 19

levels of processing

Answer 19

• information can be worked at different levels of analysis
• perception : immediate awareness
• structural : processed at deeper level - what it looks and sounds like
• meaning : deep level of meaning
• rehearsal : very imp, to meaning level if remebered
• elaboration refers to the degree at which info is processed

Question 20

rehearsal

Answer 20

• process of keeping items of info in the centre of attention (repeating)
• imp for stm –> ltm
• more reharsal, more ltm likely
• not necessary tho
• elaborative rehearsal - getting material organixation and meaning (active rehearsal)

Question 21

ltm organisation

Answer 21

tip of tongue - search through memory store in tot state is not random - indicates that info is being organised in ltm

Question 22

encoding and storing in ltm

Answer 22

1) organisation - arrange input in logical manner, subjective organisation 2) imagery - forming images leads to encoding, partial and altered representation of world,

Question 23

retrieval from ltm

Answer 23

- retrieval cues - direct memory search to the appropriate part of ltm library

Question 24

state dependent

Answer 24

- improved recall of info when cues relating to emotional and physical state are same during encoding/retrieval - physcial or psychological state - alert/sad/happy/drunk

Question 24

conetxt dependent memory

Answer 24

- context in which information was learned enhances recall of that info - same envi or situation - cues and contexts specific to a memory will be most effective in helping to recall memory - studying in the same room as test

Question 27

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