thinking - b - problem solving, creativity,

Question 1

language intro

Answer 1

• best medium of thinking
• provides verbal symbols for thinking
• Watson - thinking is subvocal talking
• thinking not possible without language

Question 2

4 functions of human language

Answer 2

• communicate ideas
• persuade to action
• releive tension (catharsis)
• tool in thinking

Question 3

who gave four functions of language

Answer 3

Boring Longfed and Weld

Question 4

Problem solving intro

Answer 4

• there are interferences and obstacles one faces when trying to achieve goals
• the productive work involved in evaluation of situation and strategy worked out to reach one’s set goals

Question 5

problem solving defn

Answer 5

• process of overcoming difficulties that appear to interfere with attainment of ones goals

skinner

goal - kiss a boy, difficulties interfering - no boys, finding one out - problem solving

Question 6

explain IDEAL

Answer 6

• identify, define, explore, action, look back
• John Bransford and BArry stein
• 5 steps associated with problem solving

Question 7

Bourne ,Dominowski and Loftus ?

Answer 7

• 3 steps to problem solving
• preparation, production, evaluation

Question 8

steps in effective problem solving

Answer 8

1) problem awareness
2) Problem understanding
3) Collection of relevant info
4) formulation of hypothesis/hunch
5) selection of correct solution
6) verification of concluded solution

urvashi / aukat, for fucks sake veer

Question 9

useful strategies for problem solving

Answer 9

1) Algorithm
2) Heuristics
- sub-goal analysis
- means-end analysis
- working backwards
- using an analogy

Question 10

problem solving depends on

Answer 10

• nature of task
• means and materials available for solution
• ability and competency of the problem solver.

Question 11

algorithms

Answer 11

defn - strategy for arriving at a solution

Question 12

explain algorithms

Answer 12

• exhausts every possible step
• input -> set of rules to obtain expected output -> output
• key - detailed search and hunt for solution
• solving, chunking, step-by-step

Question 13

algorithm disadv

Answer 13

• time consuming
• cant be applied to every situation, doesnt exist for many problems
• energy consuming
• impractical

Question 14

heuristics

Answer 14

• mental shortcuts
• subgoal : complex to attainable, smaller, solvable problems
• means end: proper analysis, diff between current and dieal state
• working back : starting with desired state,
• analogy : using own experiences, to find soln for current priblem

Question 15

creativity intro

Answer 15

• ability to create something helpful
• requires original thinking
• cognitive ability plays a major role, brain is highly involved
• creative persons bring about develpment in all fields.
• necessary for scientific investigation
• is abstract
• intelligence inc, creativity too

Question 16

characteristics of creative person

Answer 16

• curiousity
• intelligence and congition
• need for high achievement
• capacity for independent thinking
• perseverence
• opneness to experience and flexibility
• adjustment and readiness to accept changes

Question 17

stages of creativity are :

Answer 17

• preparation
• incubation
• inspiration/illumination
• evaluation : correct or not, goes back if wrong
• verification : same as evaluation, sometimes, revision / modification needed

Question 18

explain preparation

Answer 18

• education and training
• much trial and error
• prep provides inspo for creative work - edison
• foundation of creative thinking
• learning/knowledge/education
• forming problem, collect info, survey, prelim knowldege

Question 19

explain incubation

Answer 19

• absence of overt activity
• no thinking conciously
• unconcious process at work
• period of no progress
• person unaware of progress
• when we are asleep - eg
• associational activities which continues during incubation
• interfering ideas tend to fade

Question 20

explain illumination

Answer 20

• creative solution comes all of a sudden
• dream
• comes in a flash - are extremely crucial
• period of inspo proceeded by trial and error
• provides specific directioon towards goal

Question 21

encouraging and fostering creativity

Answer 21

• creativity results in new way of sollving problem
• encouragement essential for discoveries, should get attention
• daniel pink : creativity urgent for [rogress and prosperity
• creativity should be identified, encouraged and properly guided

Question 22

encouraging creativity points

Answer 22

• broad and rick knowledge base
• fostering independence
• encouraging useing analogies
• encouraging curiosity
• enhancing positive mood
• rewarding creativity

Question 23

ways to foster creativity

Answer 23

• building intrinsic motivation
• encouraging willingness to take risks
• promoting opportunities for choice and discovery
• focusing on mastery and self cmompetition
• promoting problem solving behavius
• plus all encouraging creativity points