thinking, reasoning, concepts

Question 1

Thinking intro

Answer 1

• distinguishes us from other species
• problem solving capability - indiv and society
• source of creativity
• welfare and meaningful existence

Question 2

defn thinking

Answer 2

in psychological discussion, keep thinking for an activity consisting of
- flow of connected ideas
- leading to end purpose or goal

Question 3

who gave the defn

Answer 3

valentine, 1965

valentines incoming, you’re thinking how to set a bf up, for a kiss,

flow of ideas (valentine-party-bf) for end purpose (kiss)

Question 4

nature of thinking

Answer 4

• cognitive activity
• mental not motor exploration
• problem solving behaviour
• directed to end goal
• symbolic

Question 5

elements of thinking

Answer 5

1) Images - mental pictures, symbolise real stuff, get manipulated when thinking
2) concept - general idea of general class
3) language - read/write/hear stim thinking
4) signs and symbols - substitutes for obj and exp
5) muscle activity - responses/movements similar for thinking and saying the word
6) braijn functions - primary, cheif, interpret, processing vital

Question 6

types of thinking

Answer 6

• concrete(perceptual)
• abstract (conceptual)
• critical
• creative
• non-directed
• reflective

Question 7

concrete vs abstract

Answer 7

1) basis of perception vs no perception
2) simplest form of thinking vs superior to perceptual as economises effort
3) perception of actual events vs using generalised concepts

Question 8

reflective elaborate

Answer 8

• higher form
• complex problems
• reorganisation of relevant experiences not association
• all relevant facts arranged in logical order to solve

Question 9

creative thinking (types) elaborate

Answer 9

• create something new, novel
• new relationships and associations
• indiv forms probelms and comes up with tools for solution
• scientists/artists/inventors

Question 10

critical thinking (types) elaborate

Answer 10

• steps out from personal beliefs, biases, prejudice for truth
• higher cognitive abilties and skills
• inquisitive, well informed, open minded, flexible, fair, free from bias
• higher order thought process : conceptualisation, interpretation, analysis, synthesis, evaluation

Question 11

non directed thinking elaborate

Answer 11

• aka associative
• dreaming/delusions/fantasy
• withdrawal beavious i.e escaping from real world by free thinking

Question 12

reasoning intro

Answer 12

• all nature of thinking
• adjusting to envi
• affects behaviour
• uses past experiences
• symbolic
• more serious and complex than thinking

Question 13

defn reasoning

Answer 13

stepwise thinking with prupos or goal in mind

garrett

Question 14

steps of reasoning

Answer 14

1) Identify goal
2) Mental exploration of various possibilities and cause-effect
3) Selectin of the most appropriate possibility using analysis of alternatives
4) testing validity of selected possibility, accepting and rejecting for final solution

Question 15

types of reasoning

Answer 15

• inductive : one to many, generalising, specific to general eg, a is mortal, b is mortal, all humans are mortal
• deductive : many to one, general to specific, reducing it eg, all humans are mortal, you are human, you are mortal

Question 16

types of deductive

Answer 16

• conditioned : specific condition ; solar eclipse, dark,
• categorical : based on statements ; robins, birds, eggs,
• linear : straightforward relationships

Question 17

inductive vs deductive

Answer 17

• bottom up vs top down
• probablistic conclusions vs certain conclusions
• premise true, conclusion maybe false vs -premis true, conclusion true
• specific to gen vs gen to specific
• science vs maths
• generalisation to find conclusion vs conclusion to find evidence

Question 18

concepts intro

Answer 18

• symbolic construction that represents common and general feature of many objects
• classify things into categories
• categorisation - problem solving behaviour

Question 19

ways to learn concepts

Answer 19

• discrimination learning : this is an apple, this isnt by pointing, saying and reinforcing
• context : defining context helps us find defining features
• definition : later stage education

Question 20

types of concepts

Answer 20

• simple : developed by observation, and figuring out relationship
• complex : later stage, derived from generalising past experiences with reasoning
• natural : day-to-day experiences in childhood, tree, milk, cat, dog
• artificial : used for test and experiment purposes, developed under experimental conditions

Question 21

imp of concepts in thinking

Answer 21

• quick learning, quick thinking, easy thinking
• generalise common princiles from varied experiences
• solution coms as quickly as possible
• learnt by asking questions and getting anwers