Learning Approaches

Question 1

Neutral stimulus

Answer 1

Something/object which initially doesn’t lead to a response

Question 2

Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 2

A normal stimulus which produces a response in someone

Question 3

Unconditioned response

Answer 3

An animal’s or someone’s natural response to a stimulus

Question 4

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 4

The previously neutral stimulus which meant nothing, now it means something

Question 5

Conditioned response

Answer 5

Newly learnt response to conditioned stimulus

Question 6

Stimulus generalisation

Answer 6

A fear response has been learnt which has been generalised to other things.

Question 7

Stimulus discrimination

Answer 7

A person/animal can distinguish between the conditioned stimulus and something else.

Question 8

Time congruity (temporal congruity)

Answer 8

Refers to how closely the timing of a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus occur together, with learning being strongest when they are presented close in time.

Question 9

Operant conditioning

Answer 9

We learn via rewards or consequences

Question 10

Positive reinforcement

Answer 10

Reward desirable behaviour

Question 11

Negative reinforcement

Answer 11

Take away something unpleasant

Question 12

Punishment

Answer 12

Punish undesirable behaviour

Question 13

Reinforcement schedule

Answer 13

Is a rule stating which instances of behaviour, if any, will be reinforced

Question 14

External reinforcement

Answer 14

Same as operant theory

Question 15

Vicarious reinforcement

Answer 15

The observation of other people being rewarded or punished for their behaviour and learning through the positive consequences of other people’s actions rather than first hand

Question 16

Self-reinforcement

Answer 16

Gaining internal satisfaction from an activity which therefore motivates the individual to behave in a similar way in the future

Question 17

Identification

Answer 17

When we begin to adopt their behaviours, attitudes and beliefs

Question 18

Role model

Answer 18

The person we observe and learn from

Question 19

Attention

Answer 19

They must pay attention to a role model

Question 20

Retention

Answer 20

The capacity to remember the observed behaviour

Question 21

Reproduction

Answer 21

Is it possible to reproduce the behaviour

Question 22

Motivation

Answer 22

The reward we anticipate if we reproduce the behaviour

Question 23

Covert observation

Answer 23

A researcher watching something happen without participants knowing they are being watched

Question 24

Overt observation

Answer 24

The researcher watches a behaviour while the participants know they are being watched

Question 25

Participant observation

Answer 25

When the researcher is present in the same room at the participants while observing a behaviour/event

Question 26

Non-participant observation

Answer 26

The researcher being in a different place to the participants while observing a behaviour/event

Question 27

Time sampling

Answer 27

Counting behaviour in set time frame

Question 28

Event sampling

Answer 28

Counting the number of times a behaviour occurs in a single event