Memory

Question 1

Sensory memory

Answer 1

Sensory memory is the brief initial store in the multi-store model that holds sensory information (from sight, sound, etc.) for a very short duration before it is either attended to and passed into short-term memory or lost.

Question 2

Short term memory

Answer 2

Short-term memory is a limited-capacity store in the multi-store model that holds a small amount of information for a short duration (about 18–30 seconds) before it is either forgotten or transferred to long-term memory.

Question 3

Long term memory

Answer 3

Long-term memory is a potentially unlimited store in the multi-store model that holds information for long durations, ranging from minutes to a lifetime.

Question 4

Unitary

Answer 4

unitary means that long-term memory is seen as a single, one-part store rather than being divided into different types or systems.

Question 5

Iconic store

Answer 5

The visual information coming from the environment

Question 6

Echoic store

Answer 6

Anything someone can hear from their environment

Question 7

Haptic store

Answer 7

Anything someone can touch in their environment

Question 8

Tachistoscope

Answer 8

A device that can flash pictorial stimuli onto a blank screen for very brief instances

Question 9

Capacity

Answer 9

Capacity refers to the amount of information that a memory store can hold.

Question 10

Duration

Answer 10

Duration is the length of time information can be held in a memory store before it is forgotten.

Question 11

Encoding/coding

Answer 11

Encoding (or coding) is the process of converting information into a form that can be stored in memory.

Question 12

Acoustically

Answer 12

Memory coded via sound

Question 13

Semantically

Answer 13

Memory is coded via meaning

Question 14

Maintenanace rehearsal loop

Answer 14

The maintenance rehearsal loop is the process of repeatedly rehearsing information in short-term memory to keep it there or to transfer it to long-term memory.

Question 15

Trigrams

Answer 15

trigrams are sequences of three unrelated letters used in memory experiments to test short-term memory capacity and duration.

Question 16

Episodic memory

Answer 16

Episodic memory is a type of long-term memory that stores personal experiences and specific events, including the context of time, place, and emotions.

Question 17

Procedural memory

Answer 17

Procedural memory is a type of long-term memory that stores knowledge of how to perform skills and actions, often without conscious awareness.

Question 18

Mundane realism

Answer 18

Mundane realism is the extent to which the tasks or situations in a study resemble real-life experiences.

Question 19

Central executive

Answer 19

The central executive is the component of the working memory model that directs attention, coordinates the other slave systems, and manages cognitive tasks.

Question 20

Episodic buffer

Answer 20

The episodic buffer is a component of the working memory model that temporarily integrates information from the central executive, the slave systems, and long-term memory into a single, coherent episode.

Question 21

Visuospatial sketchpad

Answer 21

The visuospatial sketchpad is the part of the working memory model that stores and manipulates visual and spatial information, such as shapes, colors, and the arrangement of objects.

Question 22

Phonological loop

Answer 22

The phonological loop is the part of the working memory model that processes and temporarily stores auditory information, including speech and sounds.

Question 23

Articulatory control system

Answer 23

The articulatory control system is part of the phonological loop that silently rehearses verbal information to keep it in short-term memory.

Question 24

Phonological store

Answer 24

The phonological store is the part of the phonological loop that holds auditory information for a few seconds, often called the “inner ear.”

Question 25

The visual cache

Answer 25

It stores visual data (things you can see)

Question 26

Working memory

Answer 26

It is a workspace where a variety of operations (auditory & visual) can be carried out

Question 27

The word length effect

Answer 27

The capacity of the phonological loop is determined by the length of time it takes to say the words, if the word is polysyllabic it’s harder to recall

Question 28

Inner scribe

Answer 28

Records the arrangement of objects in the visual field

Question 29

Interference theory

Answer 29

Interference theory suggests that forgetting occurs when one memory blocks or disrupts the recall of another, especially when the memories are similar.

Question 30

Retrieval failure

Answer 30

Retrieval failure occurs when information is stored in long-term memory but cannot be accessed due to the absence of appropriate cues.

Question 31

Proactive interference

Answer 31

When old information stops the recall of new information

Question 32

Retroactive interference

Answer 32

When new information hinders your recall of old information

Question 33

Context dependant forgetting

Answer 33

Context-dependent forgetting occurs when information cannot be recalled because the external environment or context during retrieval is different from when the memory was encoded.

Question 34

State dependant forgetting

Answer 34

State-dependent forgetting occurs when information cannot be recalled because a person’s internal state (e.g., mood, level of intoxication) at retrieval differs from when the memory was encoded.

Question 35

Encoding specificity principle

Answer 35

It states that recall worsens if different cues are present during recall and during the original learning

Question 36

Cues

Answer 36

Cues are stimuli or triggers that help a person access and retrieve information from memory.

Question 37

Mental reinforcement in context

Answer 37

Mental reinforcement in context is using cues related to the original learning situation to help recall information.

Question 38

Repression

Answer 38

Repression is an unconscious defense mechanism where distressing or traumatic memories are pushed out of conscious awareness to reduce anxiety.

Question 39

Schema

Answer 39

Mental representation of the world which help us to not get overwhelmed by our surroundings

Question 40

Reconstructive memory

Answer 40

Change the narrative of an event

Question 41

False memory

Answer 41

When you remember something that never happened

Question 42

Post event discussion

Answer 42

The original memory of an event might be distorted through discussion of this event with other people (conformity effect). It can also be distorted by repeated interview

Question 43

Memory conformity

Answer 43

People being influenced by another person’s report. This results in the individual’s memory report becoming more similar to another person’s memory. It might introduce mistakes therefore lead to inaccurate recall.

Question 44

Weapon focus

Answer 44

Weapon focus is the tendency for a witness to concentrate on a weapon during a crime, which reduces their ability to remember other details like the perpetrator’s face.

Question 45

Yerkes Dodson law

Answer 45

The Yerkes-Dodson Law states that performance improves with arousal up to an optimal level, but too little or too much arousal reduces performance.

Question 46

Change of narrative order

Answer 46

This is where the witness reports the crime in reverse chronological order, so from back to front

Question 47

Change of perspective

Answer 47

This is where the witness reports the crime from the perspective of someone else, be that an onlooker, bystander or just another person who was there at the time of crime

Question 48

Mental reinstatement of context

Answer 48

This is where the witness goes back to the scene of the crime mentally and reinstates everything about the context… who was there, how they were feeling, what the weather was like?

Question 49

Report everything

Answer 49

To report everything about the crime, no matter how irrelevant or small it may be

Question 50

Enhanced cognitive interview

Answer 50

The Enhanced Cognitive Interview is a method to help witnesses recall more accurate and detailed memories of an event.

Question 51

Modified cognitive interview

Answer 51

The Modified Cognitive Interview is a simplified version of the cognitive interview that helps witnesses recall information more easily, often used when time or training is limited.