learning & cognition

Question 1

dual process theory 1

Answer 1

System 1: Intuitive (Heuristic mental shortcut)
* Fast & Intuitive
* Unconscious, generates impressions, intuitions, and feelings
* First resort of cognitive processing
* Effortless
* Automatic
* Prone to error

Question 2

dual process 2

Answer 2

analytical
* Slow & Rational
* Deliberate, conscious, effortful, and logical, and calculated
* Can override System 1 when needed.
* Cognitive load

Question 3

Anchoring Bias

Answer 3

rely heavily on the first piece of information (anchor) presented –> individual’s decisions and judgments.

Question 4

process

Answer 4

• initial anchor
• insufficient adjustment
• Skewed Judgment

Question 5

study name

Answer 5

Tversky and Kahneman Study

Question 6

aim

Answer 6

investigate how people make decisions and judgments in uncertain situations

Question 7

Procedure

Answer 7

High school students of 16-18 years were randomly assigned a group. Each group was shown an arithmetic multiplication problem and instructed to estimate the answer in 5 seconds. The groups were each given one condition, in ascending order (1x2x3x4x5x6x7x8) or descending (8x7x6x5x4x3x2x1).

Question 8

Findings

Answer 8

The median answer for ascending groups was 512, and the median for descending groups was 2250. The actual answer is 40320.

Question 9

confirmation bias

Answer 9

process information in ways that support existing beliefs, while ignoring information that contradicts.

Question 10

3 reasons why we use anchor bias

Answer 10

• Cognitive efficiency (saving effort)
• Primacy and memory effects
• Uncertainty and lack of knowledge

Question 11

Why we use confirmation bias

Answer 11

• Cognitive economy (reducing load)
• Need for coherence and certainty
• Self‑image and social identity protection

Question 12

schema theory assimilation

Answer 12

taking new info + fitting it into existing schema

Question 13

accomodation

Answer 13

modifying existing/creating new schemas

Question 14

schema

Answer 14

mental structure reprenting what something is

Question 15

schema theory

Answer 15

people constantly adjust/maintain schemas while interacting with the environment –> learning & cognitive development

Question 16

schema study

Answer 16

zachary hendricks (2021)
IV: story, time (familiarity)
DV: memory

Question 17

cognitive load theory

Answer 17

extraneous: extraneous factors to task –> difficulty to process info
germane: effort needed to process info
intrinsic: complexity of content

Question 18

chunking

Answer 18

• process of braking down large info into smaller, more manageable untis
• reduces cognitive load, builds schemas

Question 19

chunking study

Answer 19

Miller
* IV: no. chunks
* DV: recall

Question 20

Cognitive approach

Answer 20

Schema theory & cognitive load theory: processing info through schemas, limited by working‑memory capacity

Question 21

social strength

Answer 21

schema theory, hendricks: familiarity with culture (emic) –> accurate/better memory

Question 22

Cognitive/reductionist limits

Answer 22

• Assumes all thinking can be neatly divided into 2 systems, when in reality, cognitive processes are more nuanced & interconnected.
• The boundaries between System 1 and System 2 are not always clear, overlooking our ability to switch from one system to another, or even both working at the same time.

Question 23

biological/reductionist limits

Answer 23

• Does not explicitly address how hormones, genes, or specific brain mechanisms influence which system is activated.
• The model itself overlooks how biological states like fatigue or stress can bias us towards system 1 thinking, even though research shows that cognitive load and mental fatigue do influence which system is activated.
• Doesn’t show how age, trauma, stress influences it

Question 24

social/rdeuctionist limits

Answer 24

• diff. in cultural values, upbringing, and social environment –> whether someone relies more on intuition / analysis
• doesn’t consider how group dynamics or social media might influence the choice of system.

Question 25

etic limits

Answer 25

aims to be a **universal** explanation of thinking, but may not account for **cultural differences** in how people approach decision-making