STUDIES

Question 1

Levine et al (2005) aim

Answer 1

see the effect of in-group bias on helping.

Question 2

Levine et al (2005) procedure

Answer 2

A quasi-experiment where a group of 45 male students who self-identify as Manchester United fans and wore a Manchester United shirt were told to go to a different room, and see a confederate in either a Manchester United shirt, Liverpool shirt, or a plain shirt in pain

Question 3

Levine et al (2005) conclusion

Answer 3

outgroup homogeneity and in-group favouritism

Question 4

measurement in SIT

Answer 4

• Social Identity Theory is difficult to operationalise because it is broad and abstract, which makes it hard to measure directly.
• Researchers often focus on subcategories of the theory, such as ingroup favoritism, because these can be measured more easily
• If construct validity is low, it is unclear whether the observed changes are truly caused by the manipulation or just artefacts of poor measurement.
• In practice, studies can only measure observable behaviours, which limits the ability to firmly connect the independent variable (IV) to the dependent variable (DV)

Question 5

bias in SIT

Answer 5

• Categorisation (cognitive bias).
• group boundaries are established –> confirmation bias –> ingroup favoritism + outgroup negation.
• attribution bias, positive traits to in-group members, negative traits as pure circumstances.
• main studies conducted on the SIT are only based in Western countries, which are examples of sampling bias.
• social desirability bias

Question 6

SLT experiment

Answer 6

Bobo Doll Experiment (1961)

Question 7

CULTURAL DIMENSIONS STUDIES

Answer 7

Wei et al (2001), hofstede’s cultural dimensions

Question 8

ACCULTURATION studies

Answer 8

Berry’s acculturation model (1980), Lueck and Wilson study (2010)

Question 9

Compliance studies

Answer 9

Robert Cialdini’s 6 basic principles of compliance, Freedman & Fraser (1966).

Question 10

Conformity study

Answer 10

Asch

Question 11

Asch study procedure

Answer 11

Swarthmore College in the USA, Asch invited 50 male participants to the study

Question 12

Chemical messenger study

Answer 12

Baumgartner (2008)

Question 13

Relationship study

Answer 13

1989 Longitudinal Research (Gottman and Krokoff), Bradbury & Fincham (1990)

Question 14

bobo doll aim

Answer 14

investigate whether observation of the model performing abusive actions affects children’s aggression levels.